The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Western Society

The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on Western society and the effects were numerous and mainly positive. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1790’s and spread throughout Europe and eventually to America. The extensive effects of the Industrial Revolution influenced almost every aspect of daily life and human society in some way. During this time period, widespread transportation such as railroads became available and important for the movement of goods and people. Also, new social reforms came about, dealing with critical issues including that of child labor. In addition, the effects of the revolution resulted in a great improvement in living standards for many people. Although the positive affects of the†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, set the minimum age for a child to legally work at 9 and stated that children 9-13 were not allowed to work for more than twelve hours a day. The act also set guidelines as to what children were permitted to do while working. The Mines Act of 1842 set the regulation that no female or boy under ten years of age was to be employed underground in the mines. The factory acts allowed for a more modern day pattern of work in which men were expecting to be the main wage earners. The Industrial Revolution increased the awareness of human rights of women and children, and therefore, accelerated the process of equality in society. An additional effect of the Industrial Revolution on Western society was the improvement in living standards for people. The invention of the steam engine, run by coal, allowed factories to be located in cities and no longer by water. This resulted in people flocking to these densely populated cities for job opportunities and in turn, eventually led to bad living conditions for many of the inhabitants. It was believed filthy living conditions in cities were a chief cause of epidemic diseases such as cholera. In addition, overcrowded, disease-ridden slums were viewed as dangerous to physical health, moral health, and politicalShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution Impact On Western Society1521 Words   |  7 PagesIn Western society today, it is easily possible to communicate with people, travel, make purchases, and use those purchases. People can easily buy things that they need at a store, drive a car to work and to visit friends, or pick up a phone or computer to speak to friends. However, none of this would be possible without a means of communication, factories to manufacture the products, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. It can easily be seen that the Industrial Revolution isRead More How religion was affected by Industrialization Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesparts of the world, resulting from the development of the Industrial Revolution. Just before the outbreak of revolutionary violence in Paris due to the consequences of industrialization, Karl Marx wrote â€Å"The Communist Manifesto.† He saw this revolutionary violence as â€Å"the opening episode of a worldwide communist revolution.†1 There was no such revolution, however the communist ideals had been brought about and had taken a toll on society. The relationship between economic development and CommunistRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pagesterms, sociology is the scientific study of the soci ety and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth century to theRead MoreThe Decline Of The Industrial Revolution1646 Words   |  7 Pageslives are thanks to the industrial revolution. This enormous movement known as the industrial revolution first started out in Great Britain later on spreading to the western world in the following decade. The Industrial revolution is considered a great change in human history due to the many positives it has brung to the western society in particular. For example these changes include the exchange of manual labor for factories, changes such as these helped the American society thrive thanks to the enormousRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution710 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the late nineteenth-century, the western world as a whole was turning towards a direction that focused on the mass production of goods. This time was called the Industrial Revolution, where farms were being replaced for factories and technological advancements that would change the way of living for everyone. As with all significant events in history, there were positive and negative impacts that the Industrial Revolution had on the world. Despite all the technological advancements that wereRead MoreHistorical Analysis of The Industrial Revolution 1006 Words   |  5 Pages The Industrial Revolution was one of the most impactful eras in the history of the world. It changed the way we worked, lived, owned, and generally thought. With advent of economic philosophies like capitalism and communism, the way we worked and lived was written down and itemized, and western civilization was never the same. The concepts of jobs, urbanization, and credit might have allowed the world to progress into a veritable economical ecosystem, defining our modern definition of living, butRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Lead The Foundation For Some Of The Technology892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution lead the foundation for some of the technology we have today. It is also created jobs for many, and made small cities double overnight. All those listed makes the Industrial Revolution seem great however it was not all too pleasant and many people from children to adults lost their lives due to this technology boom, over population also happen due to this revolution as well. Thankfully most of the awful things the Industrial Revolution createdRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesAs the Industrial Revolution took place, many drastic changes†¦ technological, social, economic, and cultural also occurred. The Industrial Age brought about a new order that gave rise to the world of skyscrapers, factories of mass-production, and electronic devices that we are accustomed to today. The everyday lives of ordinary people underwent a dramatic change for the better. Before the Industrial Age, people lived very simple and hardworking lives. Any food or clothing they had was produced byRead MoreOrigins Of The Twin Revolutions1287 Words   |  6 PagesInstructor –Ibrahim Bilal History 3005 December 1, 2015 What were the origins of the â€Å"twin revolutions† and how did they combine to create what we call â€Å"modernity†? Modernity, it is a macro process of transition from traditional to modern society. â€Å"Formation of a modern political map of the world began in early 1800 in Western Europe and maybe characterized as the product of the twin revolutions.† European colonization of the New World, the economic and political development of new territoriesRead MoreHow Did Labor Change After The American Revolution?1626 Words   |  7 Pagesafter the American Revolution? THINK ABOUT: How did technology impact the older, artisan labor system, slave labor and industrial labor to 1877? What ideologies were in conflict over â€Å"free labor†? How did gender and regionalism impact attitudes toward labor in American society? The American Revolution was not the only revolution to take place in America. The Industrial revolution was happening all across America in the times leading up to the Civil War. The Industrial Revolution, which came to the

Character Analysis of the Wife of Bath - 1755 Words

One of Geoffrey Chaucer’s most acclaimed works of literature is an assortment of stories called The Canterbury Tales. Through the eyes of the main character it chronicles the journey of various characters as they travel on a pilgrimage to Canterbury. As they make their way to the shrine of Thomas a Becket, they each tell a story in hopes of winning a free meal from The Host, who is the judge of all the stories. Of all miscellaneous characters, one of the most intricate and extensive stories comes from the character, The Wife of Bath. Initially, she is described in short as a well-dressed woman who knew much about love and life. â€Å"Of remedies of love she knew per chaunce,/ For she koude of that art the olde daunce† (Chaucer, GP, 475-476).†¦show more content†¦Hir hosen weren of fyn scarlet reed, Ful streite yteyd, and shoes ful moyste and newe† (Chaucer,GP,453-457). Just as many of the other characters, her clothing shows a lack of humbleness that ought to be shown on a so-called religious pilgrimage. If she is not there to worship, as one must already assume, the conclusion must be that she enjoys showing off her assets through extravagant and flamboyant attire. Chaucer’s description of the Wife of Bath also plays into her promiscuous nature. It is said that she has wide set teeth which in medieval times was a characteristic of promiscuity. Obviously, it can be assumed that this was not a desirable way of behaving in the in the 14th century if you were a woman, yet she clearly knows what is attractive to men, and uses this to her advantage to gain control over them. She revels in having the knowledge of knowing how to control men, and counts herself wise enough to share this with others in hopes of teaching them about the ways of life. In this, you start to get an insight into her bold personality. She is said to have been married five times, not including men she may have been with before or in between her marriages. â€Å"Housbondes at chirche dore she hadde five, / Withouten oother compaignye in youthe† (Chaucer,GP,460-461). Again this was seen as socially unacceptable in medieval times, yet she shows no shame in the willingness to share this with the people aroundShow MoreRelatedWife of bath character analysis1148 Words   |  5 Pagestime, even in the past abuse like this existed, but there wasn’t a term for it, especially if it was your wife. Likely you would be told that she’s a little rambunctious or noisy and she will calm down, but that may not be the problem. The Wife of Bath in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales can be classified as an abuser by the methods she uses to control her husbands. Emotional abuse is the Wife of Bath’s greatest tool against her first husbands. In the Wife’s Prologue, she tells of the accusationsRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath Character Analysis Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesWitty and Wise In Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Tale of the Wife of Bath,† the Wife tells a story about a knight who rapes a maiden and is sentenced to death, unless he finds out what a woman desires most. He goes on a search, and hears many different opinions. Then, he comes across a hideous old woman who promises to tell him the answer as long as he does what she asks. He agrees, and tells the queen who grants him his freedom. The woman demands he marry her, which the knight desperately resists becauseRead More Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead More The Wife of Bath by Geoffery Chaucer Essay696 Words   |  3 Pages Analysis of the Wife of Bath nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Chaucer starts his prologue with the description of twenty-nine people who are going on a pilgrimage. Each person has a different personality that we can recognize from the way people behave today. He purposely makes The Wife of Bath stand out more compared to the other characters. â€Å"In the â€Å"General Prologue,’ the wife of bath is intentionally described in an explicit way to provoke a shocking response† (BlackmanRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By Geoffrey Chaucer Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pageswere subverted into a secondary class position that deprived them of agency and sexual satisfaction. Throughout Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"Canterbury Tales,† the Wife of Bath provides didactic social commentary on the discrepancies between marriage and virginity and expounds the idea of giving sovereignty to women in relationships. Although the Wife of Bath is portrayed and characterized to some antif eminist stereotypes, her fervent and unorthodox commands enrich the reasoning behind her sexual voraciousness:Read More Women in Anglo-Saxon England Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily feuds forced females to play the role of peace-weavers. They were often married to their family’s enemy to make a truce between warring tribes. The poem â€Å"The Wife’s Lament† is about a woman who, at one time, apparently, was a peace-weaver. The wife and her husband are separated against her will; she feels very unhappy and lonely. The husband has committed a murder and then has abandoned her: â€Å"I am overcome with longing. These dales are dark, and hills high, bitter bulwarks ever grown with briersRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantlyRead MoreSex in The Canterbury Tales Essay937 Words   |  4 Pagestones of misogyny. He expresses these views throughout the work, however, the theme of love and sex is most evident in the sub-stories of The Wife of Bath and The Miller’s Tale. Chaucer breaks the topic of sex into two basic parts: carnality and romanticism. Although carnal love is a controversial topic, Chaucer dives into the subject by creating characters with ferocious appetites for sex and the means to accommodate their desires. Whereas, to address romanticism, he relies heavily on courtship andRead MoreUse Of Satire In Canterbury Tales1301 Words   |  6 PagesChaucer’s Satyric Attack (An analysis of Chaucer’s use of satire to reach his intended audience in his Canterbury Tales) Satire is defined as â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues† (Oxford). Another term that people would be more familiar with to describe this would be sarcasm. Language can be utilized in a nasty way, especially when wanting to demoralize

Ms Math Curriculum free essay sample

Mathematics) program requires (1) a bachelors degree from a recognized institution of higher learning, (2) completion of Advanced Calculus (beyond the usual undergraduate calculus series), Abstract Algebra (introduction to groups, rings, fields, etc. ) and Linear Algebra, Matrices and Complex Analysis and (3) satisfaction of additional University requirements such as a health clearance and other special admission requirements that may be imposed by theGraduate Committee such as the passing of an examination in the basic concepts of algebra and analysis and/or fluency in English. A student who has not previously taken up all the courses listed above but whose record, in the opinion of the Graduate Committee of the Math Department, shows some promise is required to make up for the deficiency before formal admission into the M. S. (Mathematics) Program. Usually this means having to enroll in and pass some of our undergraduate math courses. Students with deficiencies must allow an extra semester to the length of their anticipated stay in the M. We will write a custom essay sample on Ms Math Curriculum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Intention and Recommendations free essay sample

In the early 1960’s, Columbia, as well as other Latin American countries, witnessed a rise in leftist movements motivated by endemic poverty, social inequality and the success of the Cuban Revolution. At that time, the FARC embraced the PCCs Soviet-style Marxist-Leninist ideology. The early membership of the FARC consisted of communist ideologues as well as noncommunist peasants, many of whom had been active during â€Å"la violencia†. The FARCs stated goal is to overthrow the current democratic government of Colombia and replace it with a Communist government. They claim to represent the rural poor against Colombia’s wealthy classes and oppose American influence in Colombia (particularly Plan Colombia), the privatization of natural resources, multinational corporations, and rightist violence. FARC has shown a willingness to meet with the Columbian government but no agreement has managed to have any permanence. In May 1984, the government and the FARC signed La U ribe peace accords which permitted FARC to form a legitimate political party, the Union Patriotica (UP). We will write a custom essay sample on Intention and Recommendations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The UP party comprised of former guerrillas and Communists espoused anti-corruption policies, harsh penalties against narco-traffickers and progressive land and economic reforms. As the UP gained in popularity and political clout, they soon became the target of para-military right-wing death squads and drug cartels. Thousands of UP members and candidates have either been assassinated or have disappeared. With their hope at political legitimacy sabotaged, the FARC reverted back to violence and narco-trafficking. It is unclear if FARC has actually done anything positive in support of their stated agenda. The Counsel on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) states, â€Å"FARC is extremely out of touch and unconcerned with the interests of the Colombian public today, including the rural populace. † According to BBC News and COHA, less than 5 percent of the population supports FARC and their involvement with kidnappings and drug-trafficking denigrates their ideological rhetoric. It should be mentioned that Manuel Marulanda Velez died on March 25, 2008 of reported heart failure, after almost five decades of rule. Several of his key leaders have also recently been killed; one at the hands of his own guards. It remains to be seen what the affect of these deaths will have on the stability and future of FARC. The death of two key members of the Secretariat and a recent successful rescue of hostages from FARC (July 2008) supports the current belief that FARC is in a state of disarray; but they are far from disbanding. It is estimated that they still hold 700 hostages and control millions of dollars in drug trade. Economic and political stability play key roles in reducing the motivation of a populace to vehemently oppose governments. Programs that reduce the perception of government â€Å"injustices† will erode public support for any â€Å"radical† factions and erode groups internally, especially if they begin to doubt their purpose. The country practices a democratic government similar to the United States. According to BBC and COHA reports, President Uribe and the government have a high approval rating and the gross national product has been steadily rising along with tourism and trade. One of the weakest key indicators is a high unemployment rate (11%) which should be countered with government programs to employ young adults†¦the most vulnerable pool for radical organizations. This will further bolster the economy and take away a recruiting source. Although military pressure is essential with regards to fighting a paramilitary force like FARC, the use of military operations towards FARC should be used in tandem with local civilian authorities. Confidence in local authorities solidifies the local base and further weakens the recruiting pool. President Uribe’s increased military and police efforts have shown a significant reduction in kidnappings and assassinations. Corruption scandals that have plagued previous administrations do not seem to be a major issue with the current administration. Any signs of corruption should be dealt with quickly and firmly to support credibility of the administration. Colombian scholar Herbert â€Å"Tico† Braun suggests that a crucial factor in the mindset of para-military and terrorist organizations is the need to be recognized as a viable and key player in determining local and national policies. Braun states, â€Å"†¦the FARC wants to contribute something, and be perceived as helping the nation. If the FARC can be seen as forcing the government to make important societal changes, it might be willing to give something up in return, and possibly even begin disarming. With their willingness to participate in talks in the past combined with their current perceived vulnerability, talks should be offered again to FARC but only under very strict guidelines to include a limited disarmament. A political wing, comprised of â€Å"non-militants† or people outside the direct leadership of FARC, should be offered the ability to es tablish a political party to forward similar goals of the FARC. The eradication of narco-trafficking is probably the most difficult strategy to implement and enforce. Local and regional efforts should be a high priority of resourcing and highly-publicized. The international drug trade is lucrative and any hint of corruption within the government needs to be dealt with swiftly. The improvements in economy along with continued subsidies to farmers who grow legal crops will help to erode the drug trade internally. Support directly from the United States should be limited as it benefits the rebel propaganda. With Venezuela’s public withdrawal of support for the FARC, international alliances should be pursued with regards to drug enforcement, especially pertaining to land and water boundaries in order to make it easier for law enforcement to work without restrictions to borders. Although the geographical and political landscape of Columbia presents unique challenges in dealing with the FARC, the tenants for a counterterrorism strategy are basic: Commitment to a national political strategy, limited but clear and concise military strategy, priority resourcing of regional and local security, implementation of economic reforms, improvement of human rights protection, and a vigorous and effective counter-narcotics program.

How does J B Priestley create atmosphere and tension in Act I of An Inspector Calls Essay Example

How does J B Priestley create atmosphere and tension in Act I of An Inspector Calls Essay J. B Priestleys play, An Inspector Calls, includes many techniques to create tension. Written in 1945, but set before the first world war, irony is present as Priestley subtly mocks the audience, as he uses Birling to explore the faults of capitalism. In 1946, when the play was first performed, the stereotypical spectator to the post-war play would have been those typically of Birlings societal class. In contrast to his own personal beliefs, Priestley creates Birling to be a strict capitalist, common to the period in which the play was set. Dramatic irony is established as the audience know the outcomes of Birlings ignorant predictions in Act I Scene I. Priestley wrote the play to show the divisions between the classes before the war, and the general middle class persons disposition; ignorant, impatient, and selfish. Priestley manipulates stage directions, such as lighting, props and setting to create tension. As an example of this, in the primary scene, as the Inspector enters, the lighting is brighter, as though the family are under spot light interrogation. Characterisation, the integration between characters and how we perceive them, as well as the language they use, can create tensional suspense by revealing only elements of an individuals personality at a time. This is also aided by the actions and gestures performed by the specific character. Act I Scene I depicts the family having, what seems like, an ordinary family party. An Inspector visits them to enquire about a young girl that committed suicide, and it rapidly becomes evident that the entire family will be involved somehow. We will write a custom essay sample on How does J B Priestley create atmosphere and tension in Act I of An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does J B Priestley create atmosphere and tension in Act I of An Inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does J B Priestley create atmosphere and tension in Act I of An Inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The interview stretches from Birling, to Sheila, and is about to commence on Gerald, when the act is left on a cliff hanger. In contrast to the reality of the Birlings family life, the initial lighting is intimate and soft. This also conflicts with the characterisation of the individuals, as Mrs Birling is described as a cold woman, and suggests that she doesnt assimilate with the surroundings. The lighting is stressed to be pink and intimate, as Sheila and Gerald are seemingly passionately in love. The celebration is kept to a minimum of family, and the lighting can reflect the care and affection shared between all on set. As the Inspector enters the room, the lighting becomes brighter and harder. This could suggest the Inspectors strong will and determination to succeed in his case. This seems to create an uneasy atmosphere, as Birlings selfishness contributes to his lack of enthusiasm in aiding the Inspector in his job. The opening stage directions and setting of the scene establishes the wealth of the family, but also uncovers the atmosphere of societal tension. The descriptions of the characters, Birling being a portentous man, provincial in his speech, Mrs Birling simply being a cold woman suggests that it is her that is the societal superior. The pressure of society on people of the Edwardian era is evident as the wealth of the family is constantly reinforced; the Birlings house is depicted as a large suburban house. The cigar box present in the opening settings is also an indication of wealth. The furnishings and general atmosphere of the house is described to be heavily comfortably, but not cosy and homelike. This is intimidating for any potential visitors like the Inspector, though he doesnt seem fazed, and tension is created through juxtaposition, as the words comfortable and cosy, typically used as synonyms of one another, are used in contrast with each other. The creation of Inspector Goole is mysterious from the beginning, as the name Goole is a homophone to the word ghoul. The audience instantaneously perceives the Inspector as fake or unreal. This use of language device could also initiate an air of secrecy about him, which is added to by the fact that the picture of Eva Smith is never shown to the audience, and is only visible to one character at a time. Through this, he adds pace and tension to the play, which creates intrigue for the audience. The stage directions of the moment that the Inspector enters say that he creates at once impression of massiveness and solidity. Although he is not especially tall or prominent, the Inspector has a sense of intensity about him, making him intimidating. The audience can tell from this that tension will be created between the characters of Birling and the Inspector, as they are, for different reasons, mutually intolerant of time-wasting; both the Inspector and Birling wish for the interrogation to be over quickly, as the Inspector wants his information and Birling wants to resume his celebratory evening. Tension is built up between the pair when Birling persists in cutting in to the Inspector. Additionally, whereas Birling is acquiring an angrier tone throughout the interview, the Inspector has a steady ambience all the way through. Birling has an entirely different relationship with his son-in law Gerald, though. Birling is almost sucking up to Gerald, as he and Geralds father are in the same business. He even states that Gerald could have done better for himself than Sheila. This shows some cracks in the family unit, and reveals Birlings desperation for success. Sheila and Geralds relationship also sparks some tension within the household. Its is obvious that their relationship lacks the bonding and trust it should possess, seeing as they are engaged. Sheila says Now I really feel engaged on receiving the ring, suggesting that she didnt feel like that before. This is also collaborated when Sheila mentions last summer, when she didnt see Gerald much. He says he was on business, to which she replies Thats what you say. Gerald goes on to admit his guilt near to the end of the act, but insists that that the Inspector doesnt have to know about it. The Inspectors intelligence goes further than he is currently letting on, which Sheila is aware of, so she replies (laughs ysterically) he knows Youll see. Youll see. The Inspector creates an atmosphere in the house, by simply doing his job, and exposing the faults of each individual character. He identifies Sheilas temper and jealousy when he reveals the story of Sheilas involvement in his case. He also uncovers Geralds infidelity, separating the fantasy from the reality in terms of the perfect, high class family. It seems as though the family members are exploring each others personalities as much as the Inspector is, which creates an uneasy atmosphere, as they all discover something about the others that they wish they hadnt. The timing of Inspector Gooles arrival is also atmospheric. Just as Birling is telling Gerald that a man has to look after himself and his own, the Inspector appears to show him the result of people living that way; a girl loses her job twice and kills herself. The audience can also perceive how the characters react to the photo, and to themselves, as a further indication of the personality of the character, and their involvement in the suicide of the girl. Subtle hints given by Priestley also play a part in producing atmosphere and tension. From early on in the play, the atmosphere seems slightly false or forced, just as when Birling informs Gerald that he is too good for his daughter. Gerald replies that both he and he parents are very happy with the engagement, therefore it is interesting for the audience that Lord and Lady Croft did not attend the engagement party. It is also obvious from the first act that Eric is nervous about something, as he is drinking quite heavily, and what little he does say, is irritable. The simile like bees in a hive is used to describe Birlings contempt for equality; the imagery symbolises everyone working together and being the same as one another. Bees also sting, so this is suggesting that he thinks equality and working together can have a negative effect. Birling continues by calling a socialist society nonsense, also proving his disdain for equality. This could create tension between the characters and the audience. Language devices are used to explore tension in Act 1. Dramatic irony is a dominant device, present throughout the act. It is established as the audience know the outcomes of Birlings ignorant predictions in Act I Scene I. Declarations that the Titanic was unsinkable and that in his opinion, there is no chance of war were dissimilar from the reality, as the audience would have already experienced. This gives the audience an advantage and gets them more involved. Structure of the play adds slight tension, but also realism, to the text, as people dont always wait for the other person to finish. Birling practises this frequently, for example, when he cuts off the Inspector to reinforce his innocence. Birlings monologue also tells the audience a lot about him, as he shows his stupidity and ignorance throughout. Birling attempts to show his knowledge in his speech, along with his importance, but the outcome has the completely opposite effect, as the audience merely think him ignorant. The climax aids the tension of the act by leaving a cliff hanger and creating suspense. The Inspector says Well? to Sheila and Gerald after they have had a discussion outside, and discovered Geralds deceitfulness. It was almost as if the Inspector knew what they were discussing, and was waiting for them to uncover it themselves. This adds to the atmosphere because it seems like the Inspector knows all that he needs to, he is simply trying to make the family realise that just because they have money, doesnt mean they are any different to anyone else of a lower class. In conclusion, J. B Priestley uses many techniques to create atmosphere and tension in Act I Scene I. Stage directions are used by, for instance, Birling, as he shows his true character by interrupting others and possessing an angry tone. Lighting is used to symbolise the change of mood and presence, adjusting to the new balance of characters onstage. The Inspector himself brings a number of unanswered questions with him, some unconnected to his case, with his name and manner. The language and actions also contribute to the shift of atmosphere in the scene, by revealing extensions of each character bit by bit. Subtle hints from Priestly, alongside the climax of the scene, bring additional tension and suspense, as the audience can get involved with whats going on. The details of the scene are what really consume the audience, enveloping them with interest and intrigue, so they can perceive events how they wish, to generate tension of their own.

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buy custom Effects of Mobile Devices to the Future of Gaming essay CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background Information about Mobile evices Mobile phones have become a necessary gadget during this present century throughout the entire universe. This is because it has brought connections with long distance families and even made transactions much easier than the past decades. There has been advanced technology whereby the gadget is just not used for playing games but also storing information such as pictures and music and many other essential data. These gadgets have proved to be the best way to get intact with any games available in the present world and also ensure there is a proper utilization. In terms of games portability these gadgets are able to provide a pleasant working environment to the relevant players who are interested and even get assisted as soon as possible. They are also used in providing information to other user gadgets and get to pass the necessary games messages rather than make a physical contact. Mobile phones can also be used to get internet access and provide games that are available online and pass messages in terms of emails and other types of internet messages. The most advanced technology sites include social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. All these can be accessed by the gadget rather than getting a computer or laptop to access them. During the past years when the gadget may be introduced it was extremely costly to purchase and also the communication charging rate was exceptionally high to the users. The latest use of the gadget by a large number of users the cost has decreased and has been available to every market. These days the gadget is cheaper and easy to navigate due to its comfortable tools and features that users are interested. Each and every season there are new and advanced technology mobile phones that have powerful features rather than the text and ringtone features. Nowadays like in the Asian countries the gadget can sense earthquake signals and give notification to the user of an earthquake disaster. It can also be used as a tracking device whenever there are emergency or kidnapping cases. This has proved to be lifesaver gadget and at the same economical because the authority can be notified as early as possible and reduce bigger losses from happening. During the old technology, the gadget used ringtones to notify the user of any incoming call or send messages but with the present technology there are greater means of notifying the user. One can download a full version song and save as a notifying feature in case of an incoming call. This is due to the introduction of WAP technologies that allow cell phone internet connections. Problem Statement Without a doubt, mobile devices have proved to be easier and essential to be used by each and every human being. This includes from getting connected to even masking money transactions such as sending and receiving money in a bank account. These gadgets have undoubtedly made life easier and fast due to its greater features that can assist in multitasking several events just in one day and get feedback in a moment. With all the above advantages, it is crucial to use the gadget in a proper manner especially when driving it is essential to pull over and make a call rather than when driving. A mobile game can be referred as a video game that may be played on mobile phones or on smartphones and other portable gadgets. These games can be played by using the present and developed technologies on the device. Mobile gaming is non networked features that simply apply the mobile device platform technology to run the game software. The games can be fixed in the mobile through air or may be side loaded using a cable. Purpose of the Study Mobile has a greater effect to the present gaming because it cats as supplement to the computer games. Almost every person has a mobile and each and everyone has a different experience to gaming while using their mobile phones. Even though game users are away from the computers they can log in using their phones and get into the game and take from where they stopped and play. Mobile has changed a lot of things and even the view of the game by having similar features just like those of a computer. Game developers have a big impact in this due to their latest focus on mobile gaming rather than computer gaming. Game developers are a bit ditching the traditional gaming system and are moving to the mobile gaming model. In future there will be a big change in game developing system and mobile gaming will be a major beneficiary from the change. Another thing that will attribute to changes is the way people buy and pay for the games due to necessity factor. The mobile keys are flexible and easier to master them thus increasing more speed while playing. Using convention features is what has made mobile devices the players need to use the provide software application that has all the required game navigation. Mobile devices usually have certain keys for specific actions in each game and make it easier for players to use them. Other console game applications do not offer automatic response whenever there is a wrong key struck by the users. Hypothesis for the Study Since most mobile games follow the user interface style while gaming, this has mobile more flexible and intuitive that has the shortest path to gaming. The navigation provided by the mobile phones has made it easier for the players to remember. Today the entire universe has gone to the digital world due to the recent technological impairments to great features. Even the most advanced game developer companies have established various research systems to connect their games developing system to mobile gaming. With the development of mobile operating system platforms such as iOS and Google android, mobile creators have formed digital downloadable feature that can run on the gadgets by using the operating system. Accessibility of technologically phones is what has led to a high expectation of gaming to the next level. This is because phones are now accessible to each and everybody physically that involves flexibility of the interface as well as, mentally through easier use of the phones. Phones are also accessible to everybody both geographically which is through ubiquity of internet services and also personally which is through the storage of the entire game data in the cloud. This is to say phones have become accessible at all times and everywhere to clients making it easier to access game features through the gadget. Mobile phone navigating is easier due to its efficient input devices that provide players with efficient services while gaming. The mobile has provided two kinds of navigation to gaming system; one is the permanent navigation that is utilized for primarily navigation. The other is the temporally navigation that is related to the primarily navigation while playing. The future of mobile games is the key to high growth due to the mobile games use of flex able free play games to the users and also the investing companies. Mobile games avoid friction for a player to get a great gaming experience that is brought by connected mobile devices and a connection of an internet cloud. The benefit of having an internet cloud is to put a developed game into the cloud and ensure there is equal opportunity for all users to get access to the games. Mobile phones have different kinds of game purposes that are the units, the character classes in the game features that are designed to allow efficient functionality with different players. Some of the features that make mobile phones more compatible are the efficiency in the screen layout and easier visual ability to the players. The screen provides games at every category and aligned in rows to scatter in the center region of the screen. While multiplying two players the mobile phone features arrange each player appropriately on the screen to enable all players to view the game action and available feedbacks while playing. Mobile devices can get into a game at a faster rate due to the new technology perspective and even without the use of a downloadable game file it can still work. It is also advantageous for the game users; they do not need to pay any charges for testing the available games if they are the best taste to them. Mobile phone industry is making the game developing system easy to develop and ensure there is penetration of new and advanced games into the industry. This makes both the games developing industry and the mobile industry interesting in working together. This enables the industry to serve the customers in all regions with a free game play that is frictionless to technology advancement. Today there are several debates about the future of mobile games due to the competitiveness in the games develop industry. Most of the external play games one is vulnerable to paying much more money than downloading a free game using the mobile phone. The ability and also the effectiveness of downloading a freemobile game is the easiest way to get experience and also avoid extra costs. This is one of the best ways of the mobile game industry to grow expeditionary. Mobile phone has exceeded its role as a sample of communication device and become a highly sophistic multimedias hybrids in the game industry. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW The Effects of Mobile Devices on the Mass Gaming Market To evaluate the effect of mobile devices on the gaming market there is a number of user centered evaluation techniques familiar in the industry. It is important to focus on a better understanding of the gaming industry through its buildup knowledge and a refining scope of the final game product. The first user centered evaluation is the literature review that has a number of academic as well as, non-academic sources to learn much more about mobile gaming. The mobile industry gives the relevant information on how users can use the DS system in the mobile gaming features (OCSC 2009; Ozok ZAPHIRIS 2009, p. 72). The second review is the comparative evaluation by comparing the mobile game system with their competitive sources. This evaluation gives the overview of hoe mobile phones fit in the gaming industry with the relevant competition and the proper method to make it more successful. The third evaluation is the contextual interview with the mobile gamers to look at how the users in the system can get upgraded features. This evaluation gives much more information to assist in scoping a great focus on the best way to have multiplayers mobile games. There is also the heuristic evaluation to the mobile gaming and evaluate four different mobile games in-depth. This helps the users choose the best mobile game for use and also inform the users on the designed usability features by the mobile industry. In the past few years there has been a big change in the mobile industry as well as the gaming industry. With the current technology advancement, mobile gaming will eventually be the most preferred gaming device in the world. This is after a few years of growth and also users adapting its features. About three quarter of the current young generations are estimated a lot that are currently using mobile gaming. Mobile gaming is growing at a very high rate due to the characteristics complementary that are different from the traditional gaming. Mobile games can be categorized into four major ways; - over the air this is where the game is installed by using a binary file and it is installed through wireless carrier networks. -s ide loaded this one involves loading a game binary file into the mobile when connected to a computer by either a USB cable or via Bluetooth. - there is the pre-installed this one involves preloading a game binary file into the mobile gadget using an original equipment manufacturer. - the last one is the mobile browser this involves downloading a game file directly from the source mobile games site. With the high quality definition hepatic features, mobile developers can transform the game users to a certain degree of experience. This is by the mobile features that have unique as well as, customizable touch feedback effect. Mobiles have also made games and their applications alive by having enhanced realism hepatics offers. The gadget has also created a differentiated game user experience by allowing hepatics to define a brand via a distinct user experience and a unique industrial application. Mobiles have expended the usability feature by using audio and visual feedback to provide full game context. Most developers believe that mobile phones development and its advanced features will be the future of game development. This is due to the audience gigantic way of appreciating the device and the gadget becoming more powerful. Once there is introduction of wireless streaming there will be standard gaming from each and every region using the mobile phone. The future of all mobile game applications is bright, this due to various venture capitalist research and investigation. Some of the new beggings have strained bearing fruits of the capitalist hard work. Many market investors are even getting interested with mobile games production (Zelkowitz 2007, p. 65). With time mobile phones will become more powerful than the present models, and this will promote development of mid core games. Gamers will play a game through the phone as graphically impressive as well as, complex as the PC externals. Mobile device industry will try and revolutionize some of the mobile features to ensure that games files fit perfectly to its software. Mobile games are played in various numbers of contexts and, therefore, there is a need for heuristic designs for the gaming industry to study the effectiveness of the mobile device and also the game design to support such context of game use. Some of the available contexts include outdoor and indoor ability to play without interruptions while playing. There is also the connectivity agenda that is used while playing and other various factors that affect the industry. Most of the developed games in 2D will remain in the industry and also successful financially until there are enough developers and games many people can choose from. A multiplayer gaming on the mobile phone has seemed to be a come true development that developers have focused their scope on the industry. Mobile gaming is becoming popular due to the variety context and the heuristics designed features to provide an effective model. Mobile phones are the first step of moving forward for the game industry development, this is due to consumer ability to download a game onto their devices even before they play the game. Internet clouding is the bets model that has made it possible to achieve the development, where game players access their taste games in the cloud and play the exact place they are in using the mobile phones. CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY The Effects of Smartphone Devices to the World of Gaming The expansion of mobile gaming has been promoted by the attributes of a smartphone. This is because almost every person carries a mobile phone in his daily activities and, therefore, it is easier for them to get their fix of gaming using the smartphone gadgets. This is because smartphones are accounting to about the half of all mobile phones in the current market. Smartphones are a bit more expensive than any game handling gadget, but the functionality of the smartphone is more than the gadgets. Most games have become expensive in the market and have really changed most clients opinion and have translated to smartphones as a method of gaming. There are also games that show that gaming through a smartphone is actually the best gadget to use rather than the gamer devices used with a computer. Mobile gaming has expended both market wise and also technology advanced in the past few years. This is as a result of the introduction of smartphones into the market and developed with the games external html connections. The display on the smartphone is preferred to be better than other gaming gadgets and user friendly to many. The popularity of mobile has increased appropriately, but smartphones have increased much more due to clients demand to play mobile games using it. It is estimated that over ninety percent of clients that have bought smartphones play the mobile games at least twice a week. One of the reasons for the dominance of smartphones is due to their clear availability in the market. They are also having cheaper costs that most people prefer to purchase them and multitasking making calls and messaging as well as, playing mobile games. With the introduction of high quality gaming phones such as Xperia play, mobile gaming will be dominating by using smartphones. Games developers spend a lot of money or require a lot of money and also take a long period of time while creating other gaming devices than by developing a smartphone platform to play mobile games. Nowadays there are several games that are available for download and also played by a smartphone. Many mobile games are available on smartphones due to their touch based features that many users prefer using while playing. This is a major advantage compared to other gaming gadgets available due to their dual processors and high resolution screen features. There is also a development of gyroscope into the smartphone industry which will be a substitute of a joystick. Many games that have been developed have been exclusively been connected to smartphone platform features. This is fate integration of 3D APIs into the mobile features and thus various games have been created exclusively for phones. Most of the smart phone developer companies have the idea of taking the gaming on smartphones to a higher level. One of the developed high level qualities is the Xperia play which allows players to play games using the application. This has made an excellent future of using smartphones for gaming at a brighter side. Smartphones do not just facilitate a game experience that will feature with just today but in the next future. This is due to the constant improvement at a lower cost rate that is accessible to both the players and also the games manufacturing corporations. Most people are excited with the manner the smartphone is penetrating the game industry and also growing. This is due to the availability of an iOS platform that provides a great usability solution for the distribution of the games. The smartphones are really more of a component solution to the game development industry. Almost of the smartphones are bought having an installed OS by the manufacturing company to ensure there is compatibility between the features of the phone and those of the game files. Many smartphone companies are putting much energy with partnerships through the carriers and also through the games application developers to ensure that they solve some of the numerous parts of the puzzle for the players. This is done by a more modular fashion style to enable there is clear work within the ecosystem environment between the players and the mobile industry. Smartphones are becoming both increasing ubiquitous as well as, personalized connection to transforming everyday cultural practices and technology spaces. The device has also offered ready to hand present interaction of the paler and actual and virtual environments. With the increase in smartphone consumers in the market, then there is a growth in the application of the games and remains as the most favorable application in the industry. This has increased the bright future of gaming in the world and also in the games industry. Gaming on a smartphone has come a long way since its application development by experts in the industry. There has been an increase in the processor size that has geared a potential feature to enjoy playing any game. Smartphone developers have done their best with crafting the entire virtual analog game sticks and also swipe gestures for games panning. Most companies are trying to change the features of a smart phone into a new controller that is compatible to games files. Gaming is a region that smartphones have a lot of loads of untapped potential in the market and also in the industry. There is the introduction of iOS gaming feature that has taken the smart phone to another leap level. There is a bigger gap between mobile gaming and the console gaming which is shrinking in numbers. Smartphones have been geared with numerous features that have set apart their easier predisposes mobile phones. It has obtained these features of a clamshell design from the earlier sample that is compatible to the gaming features. The visuals feedback by the smartphone screen features allow a clear user to interact with the available gaming system. Conclusion The most important and interesting features of a smartphone involves its entire mechanism application style. Unlike most of the mobile devices the smartphone has control pad that most of the mobiles do not have as a feature. The specification of a smartphone that includes the memory size to accommodate the games capacity is a hundred percent compatible. The important factor that has promoted mobile gaming using the smartphone is the affordable prices to purchase a new one. This has enabled all the smartphone users to access the games. The operating system has been installed with gaming version software to obtain a comparative gaming feature that more users get interested in obtaining. Smartphone has a good layout that is compatible with the available games developed due to the smartphone screen resolution and other extra features. Players that use this gadget find it a heuristic designed layout feature. A good rule to gaming instruction is the information that the device provides that is visible to the user at all time. Most players are able to see relevant information through the smartphone which is not possible through other devices. This helps the player to have some clue on the current game situation on the available energy character and even the available left time for the game to end. These are some of the features that most console devices are not offered to the player thus making the smartphone model the best mobile device to play games with. There are over five hindered games available for the smartphone technology and most of them support some of the games degree to enable multiplayer functionality through its wireless network to the internet. Smartphones provide a clear confirm action to the players and cannot allow player to make irreversible errors and still be competitive to other players. The software installed in these devices confirms actions that can cause problems to the players in the game. The features are helpful to the player by enabling a recovery to any mistakes made by the players while using a smartphone. Smartphone provides game teaching software that is downloadable and the player is able to start a game by learning from the software. The player does not necessarily need to have manuals or other relevant information but from the information provided by the smartphones that has all the required manuals in its system. Smartphones enable players to start a game very fast and very easily accessible that is approximately within five seconds. A play session using a smartphone is usually shorter than other play session by other compatible play stations. Advanced players in various games find smartphones easier to use and also compatible to their fast skills. This has proved that smartphones are the best mobile devices in the present world that is compatible to all kinds of games. Timeline The timeline of the required study has to be carried out in duration of three months. This is to ensure all the relevant information and ideas have been carried out in time. Definitions Mobile phone is a gadget that is used to connect people through calls or messaging system or through internet connections over a radio link that is connected within a certain regional area with the provider service corporation. Smartphone is a gadget that is built using the connection of a mobile phone design and has a mobile computing system but with more computing skills as well as, an excellent connectivity compared to a mobile phone. Mobile gaming this is a video play that is played on a mobile phone or a smartphone or may be other computer related medium. Milestone Description of the Task Due Date Comments 1 Identity of Area of Interest Completed 2 Selection of Specific Topic Completed 3 Proposal Writing Submitted 4 Data Collection 5 Data Analysis and Interpretation 6 Documentation of Findings (First Draft of the Dissertation) 7 Submission of the Final Draft Buy custom Effects of Mobile Devices to the Future of Gaming essay

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Employee Resistance to Change: Dissertation Chapter 1- Introduction Change comes from anywhere, and is the only constant. Propelled by the driving force of technology and globalization, the economic landscape continuously transform in a way that has come to undermine the relevance of received wisdom on how a firm should be managed and what underlies its success (Gregory Prastacos, et al., 2002). In this new millennium, it is more challenging for an organization to sustain its competency or even survive in the diversity market. When an organization is threatened by environmental changes such as crisis or competition, it results in the increasing needs for communication as technology develops rapidly and higher customer demands will be foreseen. Organizational change is not an option; it constitutes a fundamental necessity for success within the new competitive landscape (Hamel and Prahalad, 1996). An organization need to evaluate its performance and review its business strategies, corporate structure, operational process and HR policies to identify th e areas that need transformation. To maintain its competitive advantages,ÂÂ  an organization must make effort to implement changes accordingly. Usually changes to be made in an organization is for the seeking of extending the ability of the organization to achieve the strategic goals but sometime changes do not necessarily contribute to the improvement of the organization (Stroh, 2001). The expected result of the change might vary due to other unexpected factors, such as resistance to change. Resistance is a phenomenon that affects the change process, delaying or slowing down its beginning, obstructing or hindering its implementation, and increasing its costs (Ansoff, 1990). Effect of resistance of changes in organization will cause distorted perception, interpretation barriers and vague strategic priorities, low motivation among the people and lack of creative response (Val, 2003). It is crucial for change initiators to deal with resistance for a successful change. Forasmuch as employees are the one who get the job done, and they the one who possess the knowledge, skills, tools and experiences, it is clear that organizational changes cannot be achieved without employees support and involvement. Employee acceptance and commitment are the key factors for successful changes. Effective change management should recognize the importance of its employees and the way to minimize the resistant from employees. Therefore, understand why it is caused, the forms of resistance and the factors determine employees reactions to change is significant. 1.1 Research Objective This research will study on the factors of resistance to change from employees prospective. The aim of this research is to review the factor and find out the correlates among the factors. By better understanding these which a shift in perception could occur, the paper hope to develop a framework to change initiators of how certain group of employees is the likely to react and behave to change that being unleashed by the value and perception, this knowledge will enable change initiators to design change plan and training programs which recognize the values of employees, and to interact with diverse others in order to optimize the expected change affect. The research attempt to explore the followings areas as a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project study: To identify the natural of employee resistance to change. To identify the symptoms of employee resistance to change. To identify the reasons of employee resistance to change To determine the various factors to effect employees resistance to changes. To evaluate the effect of these factors on organizations future development. 1.2 Chapter Summary Chapter 1 of Introduction has provided a background of the circumstances that force organization to change, and examined the inevitable resistance can undermined organizational change. By identifying the importance of employee in the organizational change, research objectives were generated to study on the resistance of change from employees perspectives and listed done the areas of the study to be explored on. The research was planned in a systematic way to rationalize the value of this project. Next chapter of this project will touch on a review of current literatures on the natural, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and factors affect employee resistance, followed by the research methodology, samples and limitation of the research. The subsequent chapter will be the questionnaire data analysis presentation and lastly the paper will conclude the findings and its implications for change initiators. The aim of this research is to review the factors that affect employee resistance and evaluate it thought the target samples. Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1 Employee Resistance to Change 2.1.1 The nature Organizations can be confronted with incremental changes that focus on doing things better through a process of continuous tinkering, adaptation and modification or transformational changes that are regarded as revolutionary and break with the past.(John Hayes, 2010) Although the incremental changes rarely presented any abrupt challenges to the assumptions people make about how they related to the world (John Hayes, 2010), this is not always that case. People are not duplicate, the values, beliefs, assumption and knowledge of that person will be developed over the time, formed as a set of personal opinion, perceptions, views of the world to guide their behaviors (Hallie Preskill and Rosalie Torres, 1999). It is concerned with whether employees regards view change can bring present or future personal benefit and opportunities or change is a threat to their job, skills or any other interests. The implementation of changes inevitably involves the vital interests of various shareholders, and especially employees.Resistance occurs since most employees desire to be successful in their work environments due to they have basic needs which must be satisfied. To begin with, employees want to know their role and their responsibilities within the organization. In additional, employees want to be able to predict what they will face in the future (Appelbaum, S.H. et al, 1998). Even though old procedures that were initially regarded as cumbersome, costly or ineffective, after a prolonged recursive execution, employees become comfortable and are used to the ways things were done. Employee might fear in a changing organization, therefore change are frequently be seen as a threat to ones existence within an organization if upgrading or acquiring new skills are a problem because of time constraints , or the inability of the person to learn these new techniques. Change within an organizational setting usually poses several problems and challenged by the pressure in aspect of money , ego, and power for those who resist it. Employees resist change because they have learned to associate it negative feelings since their basic needs may now be threatened (Mealiea, 1978). Thus it is human nature that employees look at Change negatively, resistance thereby coming into play. 2.1.2 The symptoms Resistance, described by Kilian M. Bennebroek Gravenhorst (2003) is commonly considered to be standard or even natural in reaction to organizational change. It is described as an most inevitable psychological and organizational response that seems to apply to any kind of change, ranging from rather modest improvement to far-reaching change and organizational transformation. Symptoms are the specific behaviors exhibited when employee resistance to change (Albert F. Bolognese, 2002) According to Bhutan (1995), it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change and the causes behind them. Symptoms can be reflected in varies of forms, which Marc Maltz (2008) categorized it into the two varieties: overt and covert. Overt resistance is concern with obvious opposition, disagreement, arguing, debating, etc., to any change effort. While, covert resistance comes in two forms: one is conscious covert which employees are concerned about the consequences of their actions that they apparently agreed but actually not following though or withhold information and avoid implementation. Secondly is the unconscious covert resistance, which is the most difficult to see symptoms among employees as employees are unaware their resistance. 2.1.3 The Reasons There are many causes attribute to employees resistance to change, such as Coch French (1948), studied the workers of a clothing manufacturer and find that lower employee participitation causing the mistrust of management and increase their resistance to change. Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) identify four common reasons why people resist organizational change: people focus on their own interest and fear of losing something of value, it can be power and status, autonomy and control, or specific skills; Misunderstanding the change will cost them more than they will gain and lack of trust to the person who initiating change; Different assessment of the necessity and benefit of change situations; Low tolerance for change, sometimes people just resist to change emotionally even they understand the need for change. Several studies have acknowledged what Kotter and Schlesingers publication and enhance these categories with further researches, according to Prosci- A business process reengin eering directory and resource companys study (2003) in past six years in 288 organizations from 51 countries, result shows the top reasons employee resist to change is because of corporate history and culture, which the organizations past performance of change project failed or did not make much sense, employees are less interested to take initiatives to support the current change, they are not in the flavor the month , thus employee expected it go away like what happened in the past. Lorenzo (2000) also acknowledge that one attribute to employees resistance is that past failures leaves negative image for future changes. Another reason added on in Prosci (2003)s research is that employee often opposes to change because of the added job responsibilities, new processes or technologies. Changes with lower motivation to get employees involved and less consideration of employees interest and their emotional and perceptual perspectives thereby eliminate their initiatives and level of comm itment. Pardo Del Val, Manuela and Martinez Fuentes, Clara (2005) conclude above sources to employees resistance are most likely happen in change formulation stage, they further identify some reason rise resistance that consist of: (a) organizational values in relation to change values that cause a strong implementation climate to determine whether employee to accept or oppose to change; (b) departmental politics that form employees resistance. 2.2 Factors affect employees resistance to change Literatures have identified variety of factors affect employee resistance to change, the most cited views of the factors fall on the organizational level, for instance the communication process, employee participation, change facilitation procedures in change process (Ricky Griffin ,2008) to improve organizational effectiveness. Moreover, employee motivation (David Clarence and McClelland, 1987) and quality of leadership (Ken W. Parry, 1999) have been widely acknowledged to have influence on employees work initiatives, involvement and commitment, so that it can argues to be a significant factor to affect employees willingness to change. Above factors virtually are the ways to deal with the subtext of organizational humanity on the stage of change process. However, one must understand the root factors played to affect employees perception towards organizational change. Fail to understand the intrinsic factors govern employees values and beliefs guided behavior in the context of the way they were doing and expected in the future, and all the necessities organization attempt or should to do to implement and facilitate change is crucial. Therefore, the research will mainly explore on the personal factors played to affect employee resistance to change including age, gender, personality traits (Locus of control) and employee educational level as follows: 2.2.1Age Baby Boomers refer to people who are born between 1945-1964. This generation grew up in an era of unprecedented economic growth and stability, so as to be regarded as a generation that finds comfort with long term employment with one organization. This has provided them with a false sense of stability (Loomis, 2000).Their perceived working values emphasize on chain of command, teamwork, technically challenged, team work and loyal to employer As they born after War II, which they entered the economic boom era, Money and job security such as life time employment are definitely extremely important for them to sustain their living. In this regard, it is argued that Baby Boomers are easier to accept organizational change as their working value of chain of command which they tend to commit to the hierarchical order. Moreover, the inception of organization loyalty also attributes them to be more committed rather than resistant or any other negative reactions. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003) Another neuropsychological research held by (Stanford University professor Laura L. Carstensen et al. 2000) on the relationship between age and emotional experiences found that the periods of highly positive emotional experience were more likely to endure among older people and periods of highly negative emotional experience were less stable. With age, older adults report relatively low levels of worrying (Sandra Hunt, Patricia Wisocki and Julianne Yanko, 2003), experience less anger (Schieman,1999), and have lower levels of emotional distress after natural disasters (Bolin Klenow, 1982-1983). The implication of these findings are older employees have better capability to regulate their negative emotions with organizational change and adjust themselves to adapt the environment.Employees adaptability has been seen a key attribute to a successful organizational change (Heslin , 2005). Compared with Baby Boomers, Generation X refers to those people who were born between 1965 to 1980. This generation of employee tend to more independent, self-motivated and self-sufficient (Loomis, 2000). This is because most X generations did not have enough of their family attention as children because their parent may have been single or working parents. X generations therefore became adaptive at handling things on their own and in their own ways. Their work value is perceived more on personal satisfaction, and their attitudes towards work are focus on flexibility empowerment, loyal to skills. (Hui-Chun, Yu and Peter Miller, 2003). Hence, when the change conflict with their own interest such as against what they used to do , their skills, or leave less empowerment to them, they will feel unmotivated towards to commit to the change. However, David J. OConnell, Eileen McNeely and Douglas (2004) argue that since Xers entered the workforce under the employment of deal, in which career planning and development are largely individual responsibilities and where the average worker can expect to make several changes during their working lives. In this regards, it seems like Xers are more adaptive to change. However, there are also many scholars debate the relationship between the age and the personal adaptability to change, such as Mirvis and Hall, 1996. Recent research held by OConell, McNeely and Hall, 2008 also support this assertion, reporting that age is limited measured as a categorical variable namely the characteristics about an individual . 2.2.2 Gender Although many literatures have acknowledged the impact of gender difference on the management practice, there had been little systematic attention focus on identifying the gender roles on effective change management relatively. Feminist perspectives have tended to highlight not only the impact of organizational change on womens relatively marginalized position but also the role of women in the change management (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Jamie L, Michael G and Homer Tolson (2005) research findings suggest that there is a difference between male and female executive of their emotional expressiveness, and women are regarded to process better skill at encoding and decoding emotions (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008). Emotions are intensive feelings that are directed at someone or something (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010). Goleman-the founder of emotional intelligence theory also mentioned that women are good at reading others feelings than men averagely in his book pub lished in 1995. The skills to encode and decode emotions generally have advantage to develop and maintain relationships (Laura K. Guerrero and Kory Floyd, 2008), because skilled encoders have ability to express their internal emotional state so that other people can decode their emotions more easily and accurately (Burgoon and Bacue, 2003). In this regard, the chances such as misunderstanding and conflict due to implicit or unclear message delivered or received prone to be decreased, the communication becomes more easily and effective. In many literatures, communication has been widely acknowledged as a useful approach to eliminate resistance to change. Therefore, women are deems to be more successfully engaged in change circumstances. Maddock (1999) added that Women focus on relational aspect of how to do things, while men tend to be expected to think what to do. It appears that women are emotionally discreet on how they are going to process the information, express and interpret their view points to react to change before making any decision. Combined with womens secondary position in labor market due to gender discrimination, especially in Confucian countries, in addition to their greater responsibilities in family and child care than men, which cause women are relatively powerless to challenge the situation (Melissa Tyler, 2005). Hence Melissa argues that women in change management appear to be positioned as performing an interpersonal function associated with safety; providing security in times of unexpected turbulence and anticipating. On the basis of these arguments, it seems that women tend to avoid conflict in working in this regard and to accept the change accordingly. 2.2.3 Personality Traits Some people are quiet and reserved, while others are aggressive and outgoing. Some people are trustworthy, some are not. People differ with each other in various dimensions as a result of different behavior and attitude towards things in personal life and working. The individuals differences are shaped by personalities (Stephen P. Robbins and Timothy A. Judge, 2010) Personality refers to the traits and characteristics that make individuals unique (Greenberg and Baron, 2002). The most frequent used definition of personality was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago which he commented that personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. Personality thus becomes an important reason mangers need to know to generate a view of employees likely behaviors and examine their coping reaction. Meselaar and Cozijnsen (1997) further highlighted the personality is a determinate of individ ual reaction to organizational change. Locus of control refers to the degree people believe their own behaviours determine what happens to them. People believes they have more control over their destiny are referred as internal, and people who believe they have less control over their life and the results are attributing to the will of God, or to the fortune of being born in the right social class or family are referred as external. At this point, it is suggested that people behave differently towards change. Wilson (1992) developed an approach referred as determinism to study change management portrays the manager and other organizational members as pawns affected by change rather than as agents who can initiate and secure change. Their ability to influence is limited because of the main determinates lie outside the organization. John Hayes (2010) argues that those who are overcommitted deterministic view of change may be inclined to believe that the locus of control is external to themselves and the organization and may therefore develop view that there is little they can do to influence events. Hence, people who think this way is less likely to attempt to adopt a proactive approach to the management of change than those who have more internal view about locus of control. 2.2.4 Educational Level Although there were not many literatures specifically emphasize the employees educational level to their resistance to organizational change, it is widely acknowledged (e.g.: George H. McCall, Karl E. Ristow and Daniel J. Cimini, 2004) that higher education improves employees personal management, time management, communication skills and problem solving skills. Higher education defined by Roberg (1987) refers to the instruction that was obtained at university or colleague. According to Thomas Kent Gaylor (2001)s research on 286 police officer from two North Texas Police department in 2001, result shows no significance relationship between the educational level and employees openness to change. However the limitation of his research was lack of variation in respondents education level. Nevertheless, the author believe that higher education of employees will be more likely to support and commit organization change with more positive thinking of why the change is needed, hence the resea rch intend to do further evaluation with different samples on the relationship of educational level to employee resistance to change since it is a logic factor that higher education equipped with employees more knowledge and broader thinking and believe, which reduce the tendency to be dogmatic and to be more creative. 2.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 2 of Literature Review has explored on the current literatures on employee resistance to change in terms of the natural, symptoms and reasons. The inevitable resistances from employee impulse the research to further find out the factors that affect employee resistance to change. The research noted many factors including communication process, employee participations, change facilitation process, employee motivation and quality of leadership, and lastly mainly reviewed the personal factors played consist of age, gender, personality traits (locus of control) and employee educational level influence various aspects from values and beliefs and emotions as a result of different behavior and levels of adaptability reacted to change After exposit the literature review of factors affect employees resistance to change, the paper will tackle the main objectives of this research. Starting with the description of research methodology, samples and limitation of the research, then paper will touch on the analysis part of the questionnaire, to examine the reflected results against with the literatures reviewed earlier on, so as to evaluate its universality of the factors in the sampling organization. Chapter 3- Research Methodology 3.1 Secondary Research The research was carried out at the beginning though a secondary research to review the current literatures on the areas of the study, which contains of the nature, symptoms and the reasons of employee resistance to change and the factors affect employee resistance to change from a more intrinsic view by looking at employee personal factors. The factors focus on the employees adaptability to change determined by age and gender, one dimension of personality traits -locus of control, and employee educational level. The information is collected from textbooks, journals and articles from reliable and creditable online Journal Publications, National Library and Campus Library. 3.2 Primary Research In order to evaluate the factors been presented in literature review, the research will primarily employ questionnaires as the main methodologies for information gathering. The questionnaire will be carried out with various employees working in a large organization. The methods allow directly and original information to be gathered from participants. Questionnaire results are to be consolidated, and will be analyzed using various questionnaire analyze techniques, to interpret the data. The main reason of using questionnaire and interview is because data is collected directly from specific target respondents. Interviewers have the ability to ask extra intensive questions of the respondent concerning survey responses. 3.2.1 Research Samples The research was conducted using data collected from a large size agribusiness organization located in Singapore, mainly doing palm oil plantation and trading. The reason of choosing this organization is because it is currently undergoing turbulence and change on merger with one small size palm oil trading company and one ship chartering company. And it also has experienced many merger and change in the past. Therefore the target samples of the questionnaire participants in the organization must have many varies views on organizational change to enable the research generate more practical reflections from employees perspective on organizational change and change effect on them, aims to evaluate the universality application of all those factors on employee resistance to change presented in literature on the target sampling. The questionnaire attempt to invite 150 employees in this organization from four departments who are affected by the merger plan, respectively 25 employee from IT department, 35 employees from logistic department, 25 employee from finance department and 65 employees from operation department. 3.2.2 Limitation of This Research During the research, data collected could be deviated due to limitation in the research methodology as follows: Data may not represent the entire population due to the limitation of sampling size As the four department employees may experience different kinds of minor changes in their department respectively, whether the change offend their interest or not might bring subjective bias towards their response to the questionnaire, hence the accuracy of data collected will be deviated. Respondent who experience the past organizational change may bring different perceptions towards new change. The choice of the question may limited respondents response. 3.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 3 presented the methodology of this research which employed on secondary research to review the current literatures on the area of the study, and also the primary research using questionnaires to collect data. Research Samples chosen was a large agribusiness organization who is experiencing turbulence and undergoing merger and work structural change. The limitations of the research were also discussed including the sample size, respondents bias, past organizational change experience as well as the choice of questions may also affect the accuracy of the survey result. Next chapter will touch on the research result analysis and discussion. Chapter 4- Result Analysis and Discussion The questionnaires were distributed to 150 employees in IT, Logistic, Finance and Operation department respectively as planned in Chapter 3, the responding rate is about 76%, namely 114 employees attend the questionnaire. Following are the result of each factors being tested. 4.1 Age The research finding on age factors shows that respondents in different age group perceived change differently and appears with different level of resistance. In contrary with literatures presented earlier on demonstrating age have negative relationship with organizational change where people are more emotional stable and adaptable to organizational change as they age. Instead, the result shows that in the age group of 20 to 65+, employees are more resistant to change as they age; an interesting finding is that for employees aged below 20, whom were surprisingly scored higher marks on resistance. Figure 4.1.2 shows details of scores on resistance in each age group. Figure 4.1.2- Age group vs Resist to change score The possible causes lead to this result might because when younger people firstly enter the workforce with no experience and lower educational background, they are uncertain about their skills and abilities. They may behave self-concerned and less flexible dealing with working matters, and not mature enough to regulate their emotions as they are undergoing a transition from childhood to adult, school life to working life with increased responsibilities, time is needed to help them accept such big changes and adapt themselves in the new environment. As they age and become more mature, they seek for competence, career movement and relationship, they are more flexible and motivated to change themselves in the organization to achieve their objectives. As time goes on, they feel tired and queried about what supposed to be. They are loyalty to their skills and fear losing it in the future. Stability, job security and sense of seniority may become the main values after they age 46. Hence th ey might act more resisting to change as demonstrated in below figure. Super (1980)s Life Stage Theory displayed some common characteristics against to the above analysis and assumptions, which the author would like to research further. 4.2 Gender Out of total 114 respondents, 78 are women, and 36 are men, most of men respond strongly agree that organizational change is necessary and beneficial, and express their willingness to take challenges. Although there is no strong evidence to show that women are more resistance to change, most of women strongly agreed with the statement that when things are not going as plan, they tend to feel stress and if there is significant change regarding the way things are done, they would probably feel stressed. At this point, the research result suggested that women tend to be trapped in stress situation more easily than men. Hellriegel, D. Slocom, J. W., and Woodman, R.W.(2001) has pointed out that organizational change can be viewed as greatest source of stress on job and perhaps employees life. Stress cause low morale, high desertion rate and consequently reduce in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The women research samples in this study reflect lower ability to regulate stre ss in working and life that affect their job performance. When organizational changes go against their interest, plan or principles, family life, it easily get women feel stress emotionally and potentially raise their resistance level which can be described as unconscious covert resistance (Marc Maltz, 2008) whereby employees are unaware of their resistance to change. Such symptom as mentioned in Chapter 2 is difficult to recognize and manage. The result urges the management to recognize gender-related problems in the organizational process. The implication of the result underlines the importance of evaluating and managing performance between women and men employees in implementing change. 4.3 Locus of Control Figure 4.3.1 shows the relationship between Locus of Control versus Resist to Change scale. The extent of Locus of Control are divided into 5 category based on the score respondents received on answering 10 specially designed question (Q7-Q16) catered to identify the individual level of locus of Control. For each correct answer that suggested Internal Locus of Control, the participant are give 1 point, the end results are totaled up with a formula (N/10)x100. The result are categ

A New Era for Advertisers

In his article, â€Å"The Post Advertising Age,† Bob Garfield describes the end of advertising as we know it.   According to the author, a substantial number of television and print advertisers may soon find themselves out of work because online advertising is increasing.As a matter of fact, numberless viewers of television and readers of print media have already been seduced by the world wide web, which now caters to their viewing and reading needs better than television and print media ever could.The world of the Internet is interactive, allowing users to fulfill their viewing or reading needs depending on their demands at any given time.   The television and print media, on the other hand, do not carry the advantages that the Internet has.   In short, the kinds of choices available to users of the Internet cannot be matched by the advantages of television or print media.The only choice for a television viewer is to change the channels until he or she finds something o f interest.   The reader of a print magazine, on the other hand, has to purchase a new magazine if the one that he has already bought does not suit his interests.The Internet, on the contrary, is not only cheap, but also has the advantage of presenting all kinds of information to the user.   Hence, the advantages of online advertising surpass the advantages of television and print media advertising based on the basic benefits of Internet use as compared to television and print media.The number of people viewing MTV has been drastically reduced, thanks to the virtues of the Internet which allows the MTV generation to now enjoy online videos.[1]   Also according to Garfield:In December 2005, Viacom spun off CBS, the so-called Tiffany Network, lest the broadcast business impede growth and depress shareholder value.Just before Christmas 2005, Time Inc. laid off 100 employees.   Just after Christmas, inJanuary 2006, Time Inc. laid off 100 more employees.   In April 2006, Time I nc. laid off 250 more employees-the last round of job cuts, the company said.   In January, Time Inc. laid off300 more employees.   No wonder.   Since 2001, Time Warner's market capitalization has shrunk to $82 billion from $193 billion.Last fall, ostensibly to promote their new seasons, five broadcast networks bypassed their local affiliates and gave away new programs online.In October 2006, NBC announced a $750 million cost cutback, including 700 jobs and amoratorium on scripted programs in the first hour of prime time.In November 2006, Clear Channel-the boogeyman of media consolidation-sold to private- equity owners and declared that it wants to unload its TV and small-market radio stations.The sale fetched $38 a share.   In 2000, the stock sold at $100 a share.The Minneapolis Star Tribune, acquired by McClatchy in 1998 for $1.2 billion, was sold to private investors in December 2006 for $530 million.In 2000, Chicago-based Tribune Co. was valued at $12 billion.   It the n bought Times-Mirror Co. for more than $8 billion.   At this writing, with Tribune Co. for sale as a whole or in part, the value of the merged company is $7.34 billion.[2][1] Bob Garfield, The Post Advertising Age, Advertising Age, 78(13): 26 March 2007.