Modern historial narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern historial narrative - Essay Example This is because Giovanna was well known to be a beggar and professional poisoner. Often, circumstances have lead us to take paths that have landed us in trouble, as this was the case for Giovanna, who started and ended her days at the market place either trying to sell some concoction that could do this or that or begging for food and money for herself and her children after she become a widow. Despite her bad luck in life, Giovanna had a keen interest in business. She noted that the only reason people (mostly women) went to her, was for her portions and magic despite her numerous protests of her incompetence in the practice. She learned to embrace her newly found ‘skill’ and even accepted the role in time. News about her spread in Palermo- of course in secret among her clients and potential clients- and soon, she was a typical witch. She had all the classical characteristics of a witch, in that she was old- seventy-five years old to be precise- a widow and a beggar. People even said that she went out at night with â€Å"the women from beyond† (donna di fura) who were supernatural whose unpredictable decisions and fickle desires, people believed were responsible for their good or evil fortunes. Lavack1 says that more and more women visited Giovanna despite her persistence for incompetence. Moreover, the magic they sought was lethal and had to kill its victim through occult powers, thus leaving whoever understood or mediated those powers morally and legally without blame. In short, those who went to Giovanna went with the intent to murder. Even when her mixtures and spells did not attain their desired effect, the intent to kill remained. Challenged by the pressure from her customers, Giovanna dedicated herself to perfecting her skill in spells and magic potions. Giovanna soon made a casual discovery that changed her

Sons and lovers Essay Example for Free

Sons and lovers Essay In the time that Lawrence Wrote women were thought of as being pure and truthful. Women play an important role in this novel as it often makes us wonder do these characters really exist in reality. Lawrence, in his book Sons and Lovers shares with us many different types of women, in this critical analysis of women in Sons and Lovers I will be dealing with three women Mrs. Morel, Miriam and Lily. Mrs. Morel is the most significant of all the women in the novel, seeing that everything revolves around her. She dislikes her husband because of his persistent consumption of alcohol and the way he abuses her, because of this she focuses all her time and devotion the her two young sons Paul and William. Her love that she gives he two sons can be interpreted as being incestuous desires for instance when Paul is telling his mother that he does not love Miriam and he continuously kisses her. She is treating William and Paul as her partners and is very controlling and she insists on having complete control over them for example when Paul is getting too close to Miriam, Mrs. Morel fears that she will lose control over him and that Miriam being the person that she is will change and bring out the best in Paul. She also fears that Paul is going to forget about her and she is going to be left alone with her drunken abusive husband. As a result of this she chases and treats Miriam badly. The kind of love that is given by Mrs. Morel to her sons is very stifling and there is not much that can come out of such a relationship, because of this Paul is undeveloped and depends on her for everything, he does not know how to be in a relationship and he tells his mother, â€Å"I will not be able to love another as long as you live† this line is important to note because it not only shows that Mrs. Morel’s love is damaging her son but it is also a foreshadowing of what is to come later on in the text. Miriam is another type of woman that Lawrence introduces us to in the novel, she is very shy and soft spoken and slowly falls in love with Paul, she is very spiritual and holy somewhat like a saint/pre-mundane which is spiritual and heavenly. I believe that Miriam will be the salvation of Paul and save him from his mother. She really loves Paul and he is continuously pushing her away because of that stifling attitude of his mother. Miriam has the Power to break Paul away from his mother but does not realize this, or the problem  may be that she is not the fighting type and cannot stand up firm to Mrs. Morel. Paul teaches her French and Algebra but Miriam seems not to understand the algebra and Paul gets extremely annoyed by this he does not understand why she cannot grasp it. He is mean to her because of this and she is extremely clam about the whole situation. Miriam is extremely close to her siblings and takes extremely good care of them and because of this Paul is very angry with her, he does not understand why she does what she does. This is so because Paul was not used to having that amount of love among his siblings. This conflict can also be interpreted as Paul being jealous of the relationship that Miriam has with her siblings. Lilly, a woman that William falls in love with on his stay in London is portrayed to the readers as a Gold-Digger who does not really care about William; she is only with him because of his money and not because of love. Lilly is very rude towards Anne, William’s sister, she orders Anne around on their visit to William’s house. William tells his mother about Lilly and his mother says to leave her. Shortly after when William dies the Morels never hear from Lilly again, only on this one time that she writes to Mrs. Morel stating that she has moved on. The Women in this novel Sons and Lovers play a very important role and has extreme effects on many of the characters whether it be the power of control and possessiveness the fact is that women is symbolic to Lawrence in some way.

Development During Adolescence :: Human Development Teenagers Essays

Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 12 or 13 through age 19 or 21. Although its beginning is often balanced with the beginning of puberty, adolescence is characterized by psychological and social stages as well as by biological changes. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or virtually nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. In societies that are simple, for example, the transition from childhood to adulthood tends to occur rather rapidly, and is marked by traditionally prescribed passage rites. to contrast this, American and European societies the transition period for young people has been steadily lengthening over the past 100 years, giving rise to an adolescent subculture. As a result of this prolonged transitional stage a variety of problems and concerns specifically associated with this age group have developed. Psychologists single out four areas that especially touch upon adolescent behavior and development: physiological change and growth; cognitive, or mental development; identity, or personality formation; and parent-adolescent relations. Physiological Change: Between the ages of 9 and 15, almost all young people undergo a rapid series of physiological changes, known as the adolescent growth spurt. These hormonal changes include an acceleration in the body's growth rate; the development of pubic hair; the appearance of axillary, or armpit, hair about two years later. There are changes in the structure and functioning of the reproductive organs; the mammary glands in girls; and development of the sweat glands, which often leads to an outbreak of acne. In both sexes, these physiological changes occur at different times. This period of change can prove to be very stressful for a pre-teen. For during this stage of life appearance is very important. An adolescent child who develops very early or extremely late can take a lot of ridicule from his or her peers. However, the time at which a girl goes through this stage and a male goes through it are different. Girls typically begin their growth spurt shortly after age 10. They tend to reach their peak around the age 12, and tend to finish by age 14. This spurt occurs almost two years later in boys. Therefore boys go through a troubling period where girls are taller and heavier than them. This awkward period occurs from ages ten and one-half to thirteen. Time is not the only difference in the pubescent period for boys and girls. In girls, the enlargement of the breasts is usually the first physical

Madina Charter Essay

1.This is a document from Muhammad the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), governing relations between the Believers i.e. Muslims of Quraysh and Yathrib and those who followed them and worked hard with them. They form one nation Ummah. 2.The Quraysh Mohajireen will continue to pay blood money, according to their present custom. 3.In case of war with any body they will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice common among Believers. (Not according to pre-Islamic nations where the rich and the poor were treated differently). 4.The Bani Awf will decide the blood money, within themselves, according to their existing custom. 5.In case of war with anybody all parties other than Muslims will redeem their prisoners with kindness and justice according to practice among Believers and not in accordance with pre-Islamic notions. 6.The Bani Saeeda, the Bani Harith, the Bani Jusham and the Bani Najjar will be governed on the lines of the above (principles) 7.The Bani Amr, Bani Awf, Bani Al-Nabeet, and Bani Al-Aws will be governed in the same manner. 8.Believers will not fail to redeem their prisoners they will pay blood money on their behalf. It will be a common responsibility of the Ummat and not of the family of the prisoners to pay blood money. 9.A Believer will not make the freedman of another Believer as his ally against the wishes of the other Believers. 10.The Believers, who fear Allah, will oppose the rebellious elements and those that encourage injustice or sin, or enmity or corruption among Believers. 11.If anyone is guilty of any such act all the Believers will oppose him even if he be the son of any one of them. 12.A Believer will not kill another Believer, for the sake of an un-Believer. (i.e. even though the un-Believer is his close relative). 13.No Believer will help an un-Believer against a Believer. 14.Protection (when given) in the Name of Allah will be common. The weakest among Believers may give protection (In the Name of Allah) and it will be binding on all Believers. 15.Believers are all friends to each other to the exclusion of all others. 16.Those Jews who follow the Believers will be helped and will be treated with equality. (Social, legal and economic equality is promised to all loyal citizens of the State). 17.No Jew will be wronged for being a Jew. 18.The enemies of the Jews who follow us will not be helped. 19.The peace of the Believers (of the State of Madinah) cannot be divided. (it is either peace or war for all. It cannot be that a part of the population is at war with the outsiders and a part is at peace). 20.No separate peace will be made by anyone in Madinah when Believers are fighting in the Path of Allah. 21.Conditions of peace and war and the accompanying ease or hardships must be fair and equitable to all citizens alike. 22.When going out on expeditions a rider must take his fellow member of the Army-share his ride. 23.The Believers must avenge the blood of one another when fighting in the Path of Allah (This clause was to remind those in front of whom there may be less severe fighting that the cause was common to all. This also meant that although each battle appeared a separate entity it was in fact a part of the War, which affected all Muslims equally). 24.The Believers (because they fear Allah) are better in showing steadfastness and as a result receive guidance from Allah in this respect. Others must also aspire to come up to the same standard of steadfastness. 25.No un-Believer will be permitted to take the property of the Quraysh (the enemy) under his protection. Enemy property must be surrendered to the State. 26.No un-Believer will intervene in favour of a Quraysh, (because the Quraysh having declared war are the enemy). 27.If any un-believer kills a Believer, without good cause, he shall be killed in return, unless the next of kin are satisfied (as it creates law and order problems and weakens the defence of the State). All Believers shall be against such a wrong-doer. No Believer will be allowed to shelter such a man. 28.When you differ on anything (regarding this Document) the matter shall be referred to Allah and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). 29.The Jews will contribute towards the war when fighting alongside the Believers. 30.The Jews of Bani Awf will be treated as one community with the Believers. The Jews have their religion. This will also apply to their freedmen. The exception will be those who act unjustly and sinfully. By so doing they wrong themselves and their families. 31.The same applies to Jews of Bani Al-Najjar, Bani Al Harith, Bani Saeeda, Bani Jusham, Bani Al Aws, Thaalba, and the Jaffna, (a clan of the Bani Thaalba) and the Bani Al Shutayba. 32.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. (loyal people are protected by their friends against treachery. As long as a person remains loyal to the State he is not likely to succumb to the ideas of being treacherous. He protects himself against weakness). 33.The freedmen of Thaalba will be afforded the same status as Thaalba themselves. This status is for fair dealings and full justice as a right and equal responsibility for military service. 34.Those in alliance with the Jews will be given the same treatment as the Jews. 35.No one (no tribe which is party to the Pact) shall go to war except with the permission of Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace). If any wrong has been done to any person or party it may be avenged. 36.Any one who kills another without warning (there being no just cause for it) amounts to his slaying himself and his household, unless the killing was done due to a wrong being done to him. 37.The Jews must bear their own expenses (in War) and the Muslims bear their expenses. 38.If anyone attacks anyone who is a party to this Pact the other must come to his help. 39.They (parties to this Pact) must seek mutual advice and consultation. 40.Loyalty gives protection against treachery. Those who avoid mutual consultation do so because of lack of sincerity and loyalty. 41.A man will not be made liable for misdeeds of his ally. 42.Anyone (any individual or party) who is wronged must be helped. 43.The Jews must pay (for war) with the Muslims. (this clause appears to be for occasions when Jews are not taking part in the war. Clause 37 deals with occasions when they are taking part in war). 44.Yathrib will be Sanctuary for the people of this Pact. 45.A stranger (individual) who has been given protection (by anyone party to this Pact) will be treated as his host (who has given him protection) while (he is) doing no harm and is not committing any crime. Those given protection but indulging in anti-state activities will be liable to punishment. 46.A woman will be given protection only with the consent of her family (Guardian). (a good precaution to avoid inter-tribal conflicts). 47.In case of any dispute or controversy, which may result in trouble the matter must be referred to Allah and Muhammed (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), The Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) of Allah will accept anything in this document, which is for (bringing about) piety and goodness. 48.Quraysh and their allies will not be given protection. 49.The parties to this Pact are bound to help each other in the event of an attack on Yathrib. 50.If they (the parties to the Pact other than the Muslims) are called upon to make and maintain peace (within the State) they must do so. If a similar demand (of making and maintaining peace) is made on the Muslims, it must be carried out, except when the Muslims are already engaged in a war in the Path of Allah. (so that no secret ally of the enemy can aid the enemy by calling upon Muslims to end hostilities under this clause). 51.Everyone (individual) will have his share (of treatment) in accordance with what party he belongs to. Individuals must benefit or suffer for the good or bad deed of the group they belong to. Without such a rule party affiliations and discipline cannot be maintained. 52.The Jews of al-Aws, including their freedmen, have the same standing, as other parties to the Pact, as long as they are loyal to the Pact. Loyalty is a protection against treachery. 53.Anyone who acts loyally or otherwise does it for his own good (or loss). 54.Allah approves this Document. 55.This document will not (be employed to) protect one who is unjust or commits a crime (against other parties of the Pact). 56.Whether an individual goes out to fight (in accordance with the terms of this Pact) or remains in his home, he will be safe unless he has committed a crime or is a sinner. (i.e. No one will be punished in his individual capacity for not having gone out to fight in accordance with the terms of this Pact). 57.Allah is the Protector of the good people and those who fear Allah, and Muhammad (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) is the Messenger of Allah (He guarantees protection for those who are good and fear Allah).

Generation gap Essay

When we talk about thinking, then in today’s fast changing scenario, the younger generation become more practical, more wild, more assertive and ambitious then the older generation. Now days, â€Å"Success† become a buzz word in between the younger generation and younger generation is trying to achieve this word at any cost. Now, the question is arises that â€Å"What is the major reason behind this deep difference?† Lots of conclusions are also there but I think over ambition, greed of money, glamour world attraction is the major reasons behind this difference. Due to these reasons, we have to face lots of problems like suicide rates have gone up, which is a matter of concern. The crime rate is also going on and it is done by between 16 to 22 years old younger children’s, which is not good at all. In most of the crimes we found that most of the students or children have done crime in the first time of their life. This is not good news at all. The cut thro at competition encourages our younger peoples to develop the new strategies to take instant decisions, and decide their own future direction as they want. There is no sense of satisfaction and contentment in young generation. Now, if we are talking about older generation then in earlier, the fame, money and satisfaction was come with their maturity level and with their age also. Older generation have more practical experience. â€Å"Famous Today, Forgotten Tomorrow† is the main aim of today’s generation. I think, this topic is an everlasting topic and a very long topic which give a lot of conclusion. We can’t deny the age factor and the age difference also but there are some factors that are responsible like today’s easy made life make younger generation life so easy. They (young people) can easily know what is the current affair, who is online, what are new invention and many more. I admit that sometime the younger generation becomes more over board but it is also important for them to respect their older generation thoughts. So, I can safely said that younger generation is far ahead than their previous generation isn’t.

How Does Stress Affect The Body Professor Ramos Blog

How Does Stress Affect The Body What is stress? Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the type, timing and severity of the applied stimulus, stress can exert various actions on the body ranging from alterations in homeostasis to life-threatening effects and death. In many cases, the pathophysiological complications of disease arise from stress and the subjects exposed to stress, those that work or live in stressful environments, have a higher likelihood of many disorders. Stress can be either a triggering or aggravating factor for many diseases and pathological conditions. In this study, we have reviewed some of the major effects of stress on the primary physiological systems of humans. A natural reaction Have you ever found yourself with sweaty hands on a first date or felt your heart pound during a scary movie? Then you know you can feel stress in both your mind and body.  This automatic response developed in our ancient ancestors as a way to protect them from predators and other threats. Faced with danger, the body kicks into gear, flooding the body with hormones that elevate your heart rate, increase your blood pressure, boost your energy and prepare you to deal with the problem.  These days, youre not likely to face the threat of being eaten. But you probably do confront multiple challenges every day, such as meeting deadlines, paying bills and juggling childcare that makes your body react the same way. As a result, your bodys natural alarm system the â€Å"fight or flight† response may be stuck in the on position. And that can have serious consequences for your health. Photo by rawpixel.com on Pexels.com How does stress affect the heart? people who are under intense stress often seem to dramatically keel over from a heart attack, but that’s extremely rare. The real danger is the accumulated impact of chronic stress, which contributes to each of the top five risk factors for developing heart disease: abnormal cholesterol levels, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and smoking. How does stress affect the brain? Chronic stress can make your brain behave in an Alzheimer’s-like manner. Stress adversely affects a key structure in the brain, the hippocampus, leading to impaired memory and problems with orientation and sense of direction. These brain changes may have evolved to protect against the memory of traumatic and stressful events, like being attacked by a predator; but losing short-term memory hinders today’s brain-intensive lifestyle. We all recognize the frustration of forgetting where we put our keys, names of people we just met or other recent events.  Nor does stress help you function any better on brain-intensive tasks. In one study, scientists studied brain blood flow while subjects performed tasks that required sorting large amounts of data essentially stressful multitasking. They found that the prefrontal cortex, the â€Å"executive† part of the brain used for planning, execution, reasoning, and organization, was initially very active but then tired and sh ut down. That left the â€Å"reptilian† brain, the impulsive and emotional brain, in charge. Pay attention to how your emotions transform in the midst of multitasking, typically moving from initial clarity to confusion and frustration. How does stress disrupt sleep? When you’re continually stressed, your body constantly pulses out stress hormones, which make it harder to fall asleep and impair the deepest stages of sleep. That can lead to hyperarousal insomnia a state where your mind and body are easily woken by sounds or by your own stressful thoughts. No longer can you sleep as soundly as a baby.    Does stress make you age faster? One study compared a group of women caring for disabled children with a group of women whose children had no disabilities. In particular, the researchers compared their telomeres, protective sections of DNA that are known to be a genetic marker for aging. Telomeres routinely wither and get shorter with time, but external factors, including stress, can accelerate this process. The study found more prominent premature aging in the high-stress mothers caring for disabled children. In fact, it translated into that group being 10 years older at a cellular level than the other group, who were the same chronological age. The 35-year-old stressed mothers looked closer to 45. Pressure points Even short-lived, minor stress can have an impact. You might get a stomach-ache before you have to give a presentation, for example. More major acute stress, whether caused by a fight with your spouse or an event like an earthquake or terrorist attack, can have an even bigger impact.  Multiple studies have shown that these sudden emotional stresses especially anger can trigger heart attacks, arrhythmias, and even sudden death. Although this happens mostly in people who already have heart disease, some people dont know they have a problem until acute stress causes a heart attack or something worse. Chronic stress When stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an extended period, it becomes even more dangerous. The longer the stress lasts, the worse it is for both your mind and body. You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate or irritable for no good reason, for example. But chronic stress causes wear and tear on your body, too.  Stress can make existing problems worse. In one study, for example, about half the participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after learning how to stop the stress-producing habit of â€Å"catastrophizing,† or constantly thinking negative thoughts about their pain. Chronic stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking and other bad habits people use to cope with stress. Job strain high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude is associated with increased risk of coronary disease, for example. Other forms of chronic stress, such as depression and low levels of s ocial support, have also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk. And once youre sick, stress can also make it harder to recover. One analysis of past studies, for instance, suggests that cardiac patients with so-called â€Å"Type D† personalities characterized by chronic distress face higher risks of bad outcomes. What you can do Reducing your stress levels can not only make you feel better right now but may also protect your health long-term.  In one study, researchers examined the association between â€Å"positive affect† feelings like happiness, joy, contentment and enthusiasm and the development of coronary heart disease over a decade. They found that for every one-point increase in positive effect on a five-point scale, the rate of heart disease dropped by 22 percent.  While the study doesnt prove that increasing positive affect decreases cardiovascular risks, the researchers recommend boosting your positive effect by making a little time for enjoyable activities every day. Conclusion Altogether, stress may induce both beneficial and harmful effects. The beneficial effects of stress involve preserving homeostasis of cells/species, which leads to continued survival. However, in many cases, the harmful effects of stress may receive more attention or recognition by an individual due to their role in various pathological conditions and diseases. As has been discussed in this review, various factors, for example, hormones, neuroendocrine mediators, peptides, and neurotransmitters are involved in the bodys response to stress. Many disorders originate from stress, especially if the stress is severe and prolonged. The medical community needs to have a greater appreciation for the significant role that stress may play in various diseases and then treat the patient accordingly using both pharmacological, medications and/or nutraceuticals, and non-pharmacological, change in lifestyle, daily exercise, healthy nutrition, and stress reduction programs, therapeutic interventions . Important for the physician providing treatment for stress is the fact that all individuals vary in their response to stress, so a particular treatment strategy or intervention appropriate for one patient may not be suitable or optimal for a different patient. work cited   American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, www.apa.org/helpcenter/stress. Goldstein, Elisha. The Now Effect: How a Mindful Moment Can Change the Rest of Your Life. Simon amp; Schuster, 2013. â€Å"Lower Stress: How Does Stress Affect the Body?† About Heart Attacks,   www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/lower-stress-how-does-stress-affect-the-body.   â€Å"Stress Symptoms: Physical Effects of Stress on the Body.† WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-symptoms-effects_of-stress-on-the-body#1.   Wilson, Donielle. Stress Remedy: Master Your Bodys Synergy and Optimize Your Health. Empowering Wellness Press, 2013.  

Essay on My Country and Iconic Patriotic Poem

Essay on My Country and Iconic Patriotic Poem Essay on My Country and Iconic Patriotic Poem "My Country" is an iconic patriotic poem about Australia, written by Dorothea Mackellar (1885-1968) at the age of 22 while homesick in England. After travelling through Europe extensively with her father during her teenage years she started writing the poem in London in 1904[1] and re-wrote it several times before her return to Sydney. The poem was first published in the London Spectator in 1908 under the title "Core of My Heart". It was reprinted in many Australian newspapers, quickly becoming well known and establishing Mackellar as a poet. Mackellar's family owned substantial properties in the Gunnedah district of New South Wales and a property (Torryburn) in the Paterson district. The inspiration for her poems undoubtedly came from the time she spent on the rural properties as a child. The famous poem is believed to have been directly inspired by witnessing the break of a drought when she was at Torryburn;[2] My Country uses imagery to describe the land after the breaking of a long drought. Of ragged mountain ranges possibly refer to the Mount Royal Ranges, and the Barrington Tops. To many[who?] the poem is an overtly romanticised version of "The Australian condition" as Mackellar's family were of considerable fortune and social favour. The poem reflects the romanticised and somewhat idealised reflection of a writer yearning to be taken back to Gunnedah. The first stanza refers to England, and the fact that the vast majority of Australians of that era were of British

Demonstrative Pronouns of Spanish

Demonstrative Pronouns of Spanish If youve already learned the demonstrative adjectives of Spanish, youll find it easy to learn the demonstrative pronouns. They serve basically the same purpose, acting as the equivalent of this, that, these or those in English. The main difference is that they (like other pronouns) stand for nouns rather than modify them. List of Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns Below are the demonstrative pronouns of Spanish. Notice that they are identical to the adjectives, except that most traditionally use accent marks, unlike the adjective forms, and that there is a neuter form. Singular masculine à ©ste (this)à ©se (that)aquà ©l (that, but further away in time, sentiment, or distance) Plural masculine or neuter à ©stos (these)à ©sos (those)aquà ©llos (those, but further away) Singular feminine à ©sta (this)à ©sa (that)aquà ©lla (that, but further away) Plural feminine à ©stas (these)à ©sas (those)aquà ©llas (those, but further away) Singular neuter esto (this)eso (that)aquello (that, but further away) The accents do not affect the pronunciation, but are used merely to distinguish adjectives and pronouns. (Such accents are known as orthographic accents.) The neuter pronouns do not have accents because they have no corresponding adjective forms. Strictly speaking, the accents arent mandatory on even the gendered forms if leaving them off wouldnt create confusion. Although the Royal Spanish Academy, a semiofficial arbiter of proper Spanish, once required the accents, it no longer does, but neither does it reject them. Use of the pronouns should seem straightforward, as they are used basically the same in both English and Spanish. The key difference is that Spanish requires use of the masculine pronoun when it substitutes for a masculine noun, and use of the feminine pronoun when it substitutes for a feminine noun. Also, while English does use its demonstrative pronouns standing alone, it also often uses forms such as this one and those ones. The one or ones shouldnt be translated separately into Spanish. The difference between the à ©se series of pronouns and aquà ©l series is the same as the difference between the ese series of demonstrative adjectives and the aquel series. Although à ©se and aquà ©l can both be translated as that, aquà ©l is used to refer to something further away in distance, time, or emotional feelings. Examples: Quiero esta flor. No quiero à ©sa.  (I want this flower. I dont want that one. Ésa is used because flor is feminine.)Me probà © muchas camisas. Voy a comprar à ©sta. (I tried on many shirts. Im going to buy this one. Ésta is used because camisa is feminine.)Me probà © muchos sombreros. Voy a comprar à ©ste.  (I tried on many hats. Im going to buy this one. Éste is used because sombrero is masculine.)Me gustan esas casas. No me gustan aquà ©llas. (I like those houses. I dont like those over there. Aquà ©llas is used because casa is feminine and the houses are distant from the speaker.)A mi amiga le gustan la bolsas de colores vivos. Voy a comprar à ©stas. (My friend likes colorful purses. I am going to buy these. Éstas is used because bolsas is plural feminine.) Using the Neuter Pronouns The neuter pronouns are never used to substitute for a specific noun. They are used to refer to an unknown object or to an idea or concept that isnt specifically named. (If you would have occasion to use a neuter plural, use the plural masculine form.) The use of eso is extremely common to refer to a situation that has just been stated. Examples:  ¿Quà © es esto? (What is this [unknown object]?)Esto es bueno. (This [referring to a situation rather than a specific object] is good.)El padre de Marà ­a murià ³. Por eso, est triste. (Marys father died. Because of that, shes sad.)Tengo que salir a las ocho. No olvides  eso. (I have to leave at eight. Dont forget that.)Quedà © impresionado por aquello. (I left affected by that.) Key Takeaways The demonstrative pronouns of Spanish are the equivalent of English pronouns such as this and these.The demonstrative pronouns must match the nouns they refer to in gender and number.Neuter demonstrative pronouns are used to refer to concepts and situations, not named objects.

Week 8 Discussion INTL 5400 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 8 Discussion INTL 5400 - Case Study Example Therefore, this study will provide a sharp insight on the world problems as well as possible solutions that can be employed to address those problems. The world has been facing numerous problems for many years some of the major factors that contribute to those problems include; Institutional failures (Harvey). Whereby, financial institutions such as banking systems have been so reluctant at establishing necessary policies aimed at regulating the flow of credit in an economy (Harvey). In above connection, policy failures by Breton wood institutions such as International monetary fund and World Bank have contributed significantly to global problems (Harvey). This is because those institutions tend to place strict rules that inhibit growth and expansion of capitalistic economy such the US (Harvey). Environmental factors such as global warming as a result of human activities have significantly contributed to the global problems (Brown, pp1-4). This has further led to a problem of food insecurity especially among African countries (Brown, pp1-4). Among the countries that have been adversely affected by food insecurity problems include; Sudan, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Democratic republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan to name just but a few (Brown, pp1-4).Those countries have even exposed other countries into the risk of terrorism attacks, drugs trafficking, spread of diseases as the number of refugees tend to escalate (Brown, pp1-4). In above connection, Debt crisis has been another significant cause of global problems (Harvey). Whereby, capitalistic economies spend a lot of revenues in financing their huge foreign debts rather than using this revenue to finance their economic growth (Harvey). In above connection, unemployment has been reported to be significant global problem that has contributed to global failure as people who are willing

Describe the causes and efffects of the Pliocene warm period Literature review

Describe the causes and efffects of the Pliocene warm period - Literature review Example The age was marked by various critical tectonic occasions that made the scene we know today. One such occasion was the joining of the tectonic plates of North and South America. This joining was realized by a movement of the Caribbean Plate, which moved somewhat eastwards and structured an area connect over the Isthmus of Panama. The association between North and South America had a noteworthy effect on widely varied vegetation in two regards: (1) ashore, the production of an area extension empowered animal groups to relocate between the two landmasses (Cane et al, 2001 412). This prompted a relocation of armadillo, ground sloth, and porcupines from South to North America and an attack of canines, felines, bears and steeds in the inverse bearing. (2) The joining of the two tectonic plates likewise prompted changes in the natures domain. An environment with species that had been associating for billions of years now got divided into the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This thus had a cri tical effect on the advancement of the species which got disconnected from one another. Throughout the Pliocene the tectonic plates of India and Asia additionally impacted, which framed the Himalayas. In North America, the Cascades, Rockies, Appalachians, and the Colorado levels were elevated, and there was movement in the mountains of Alaska and in the Great Basin reaches of Nevada and Utah. The end of the Pliocene was checked in North America by the Cascadian transformation, throughout which the Sierra Nevada was hoisted and tilted to the west. In Europe, numerous mountain ranges developed, including the Alps, which were collapsed (Dowsett, 2007 478). Throughout the span of the Pliocene, the worldwide atmosphere got to be cooler and drier. The start of the age saw various changes in temperature, which offered route to the general cooling pattern towards the end

The Continuum of Masculinity-Femininity Term Paper

The Continuum of Masculinity-Femininity - Term Paper Example The gene SRY that determines the male gene Y binds to the DNA, and distorts it to form the testes. Sox 9 gene is the one that regulates the expression of the SRY gene. If SRY gene is not regulated by the sox 9 gene, the fetus turns male (Storms, 1979). Without SRY gene, organs of female reproduction would be formed instead of male organs. Research shows that one in a hundred people has intersected characteristics. Not everyone believes that his or her biological sex corresponds to his or her gender identity. These people include transsexuals, transgender people and people who are interred sexed according to storms, (1979). Transsexuals and transgendered persons face certain challenges in the society even as they struggle to accept themselves as they are and acquire new gender roles that are based on each individual’s sex. A person might feel that their gender roles are not in line with their gender identity. This creates a disorder related to gender identity. Gender identity d isorder comes to play when individuals are uncomfortable with their gender anatomy which may lead to them to behave like people of the opposite sex. It is not true that masculinity and femininity are positioned on opposite sides of the continuum as is popular belief. If someone possesses both masculine and feminine traits, it does not mean that they are too feminine or masculine. A person’s position on the femininity and masculinity continuum depends on the report specifying their qualities and behaviors that are gender-linked. The continuum midpoint is called the zero point as noted by Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus (2011). A person is placed here if he/she fails to be identified by the gender role, or they breach it. Those identified with sex roles that are strong are placed on either end of the continuum. One factor that has helped me identify my gender is that naturally, I am a male with male sexual organs. However, this may not make me completely female. What I do every day and my behaviors also identify me as a male.

Management of innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management of innovation - Essay Example Just like any real property, the intellectual property can also be sold. Additionally, intellectual property is owned by the person or persons that came up with the concept or ideas first. The reason why the intellectual property is bound by law is to exclude other people from using the intellectual property at hand without the owner’s consent, or depending on the law, the owner may protect against anybody using their ideas for financial purposes. This paper will discuss whether the intellectual property protection is beneficial, or whether it is a hindrance to innovation. The intellectual effort of an individual should be protected against abuse by other people or organizations. Protection acts as an incentive to the innovator, and inspires them to continue with their original work, and this improves the living standards of the innovator, and consequently propels the economic development of any nation (Ahearn 2012, p. 45). Intellectual property is very important to capitalists because this helps companies to become unique and very competitive as well as enhancing the economic growth, of the innovator, the investor and the entire nation (Bernstein 2010, p. 72). Intellectual property plays a very important role in the economic development and stability of states and nations. Most individual innovators and companies rely on the legal protection of their intelligent quality products for financial growth and constancy. Intellectual property plays a major role in the employment sector, with known intelligent quality companies creating jobs to millions of young innovators across the world (Sichelman 2010, p 347). Studies have shown that the employees in the intelligent property companies earn 30% more compared to their counterparts in other companies therefore creating a financial stability and satisfaction (Puric, Puric, & Vlaskovic 2013, p.

Sars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sars - Essay Example Apart from the prevalent of mode of transmission through droplet suspension, fecal-oral mode of transmission has been shown to occur and thereby contribute to spread of the disease. Fecal-oral transmission is possible since it has been demonstrated that the virus can survive in the stool for 4 days. Due to the nature of profuse watery diarrhoea in SARS patients, SARS virus may be present in faeces thereby propagating fecal-oral transmission and fecal-respiratory transmission. This has been mentioned as one of the characteristics of SARS that enabled the virus spread in an apartment complex in Hong Kong (Peiris et al., 2003). SARS is commonly transmitted via droplets and close personal contact, factors which enhances its faster spread once an incidence has been established (Seto et al., 2003). The stability of the coronavirus for days in the environment such as in the stool also raises the incidences or possibilities of fomite transmission as a significant mode of transmission of SARS . The ability of this coronavirus to cause diarrhoea also aids in the transmission of the disease. It should be noted that normal stool has low pH as compared to stool from patients suffering from diarrhoea as a result of SARS. The high pH (low acidity) ensures the virus is able to survive and contaminate faeces for up to four days. Therefore the ability of the SARS virus to be spread from different routes namely in faeces, respiratory secretions and even in urine renders the coronavirus more advanced in its ability to spread very fast. Severity of the disease is as a result of being able to affect the whole respiratory system from the nose to the lungs. This is followed by high fever exceeding 38Â °C with acute breathlessness, coughing and sneezing. Acute breathlessness is as a result of the accumulation of fluids in the alveoli. The SARS virus rapidly replicates in the alveoli which is now filled with fluid and is further compressed by adjacent swollen tissues causing hypoxia. Th e patient succumbs to death due to lung failure (Puri, 2003). Therefore, the severity of SARS can be attributed to the events occurring in the lungs and specifically the alveoli causing an incomplete shut down of the breathing process. The virulence of the SARS virus ensures it spreads faster principally through deadly sputum droplets which occur through close personal contact. Severity of the disease is also attributed to its relatively short incubation period which can be as short as 2 days to a maximum of 2 weeks. In this review, important characteristics of the virus are highlighted such as the mode of transmission and pathogenesis which influences the severity of the disease. The principal mode of transmission which is airborne droplets consisting of the deadly viruses causes the SARS virus to be a potent killer coupled to its relatively short incubation period. This is further aided by the modern ease of travel ensuring the disease is able to spread from its epicenter for exam ple the case of infection at Hong Kong airport in 2003 to different destination. The stability of the virus outside the human body is another feature of the virus that ensures its successful transmission to susceptible human host. It has been documented in several literature works that it can survive on fomites such as door knobs, phones and other objects for several days therefore ensuring that it spreads very fast. In addition, having been documented that it can survi

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community - Essay Example For example Target partnered with First Book in 2008 with the goal of donating new books to American schools in the lower income communities. Target also operated a REDcard program through which US$298 million dollars have been donated to US K-12 schools beginning in 1997. In addition, Target has partnered with Feeding America since 2001 under the auspices of its Meals for Minds program. Through this program Target has funded US2.3 million to Meals for Minds and another US$1.2 to food banks and a number of school food programs in the US. Target also donates both time and personnel to United Way’s charitable efforts and has donated up to US$13.8 million in 2009. In keeping with its mandate to aid in educating America, Target has made it possible for American families to explore the arts and craft landscape in the US. Through Target’s efforts and direct donations, American families can visit various Art Museums across the country at reduced admission rates or by virtue of free admission on designated days each week. Moreover, 2,2000 performances are available to American families either for free or reduced admission as a result of Target’s sponsorship.

Sars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sars - Essay Example Apart from the prevalent of mode of transmission through droplet suspension, fecal-oral mode of transmission has been shown to occur and thereby contribute to spread of the disease. Fecal-oral transmission is possible since it has been demonstrated that the virus can survive in the stool for 4 days. Due to the nature of profuse watery diarrhoea in SARS patients, SARS virus may be present in faeces thereby propagating fecal-oral transmission and fecal-respiratory transmission. This has been mentioned as one of the characteristics of SARS that enabled the virus spread in an apartment complex in Hong Kong (Peiris et al., 2003). SARS is commonly transmitted via droplets and close personal contact, factors which enhances its faster spread once an incidence has been established (Seto et al., 2003). The stability of the coronavirus for days in the environment such as in the stool also raises the incidences or possibilities of fomite transmission as a significant mode of transmission of SARS . The ability of this coronavirus to cause diarrhoea also aids in the transmission of the disease. It should be noted that normal stool has low pH as compared to stool from patients suffering from diarrhoea as a result of SARS. The high pH (low acidity) ensures the virus is able to survive and contaminate faeces for up to four days. Therefore the ability of the SARS virus to be spread from different routes namely in faeces, respiratory secretions and even in urine renders the coronavirus more advanced in its ability to spread very fast. Severity of the disease is as a result of being able to affect the whole respiratory system from the nose to the lungs. This is followed by high fever exceeding 38Â °C with acute breathlessness, coughing and sneezing. Acute breathlessness is as a result of the accumulation of fluids in the alveoli. The SARS virus rapidly replicates in the alveoli which is now filled with fluid and is further compressed by adjacent swollen tissues causing hypoxia. Th e patient succumbs to death due to lung failure (Puri, 2003). Therefore, the severity of SARS can be attributed to the events occurring in the lungs and specifically the alveoli causing an incomplete shut down of the breathing process. The virulence of the SARS virus ensures it spreads faster principally through deadly sputum droplets which occur through close personal contact. Severity of the disease is also attributed to its relatively short incubation period which can be as short as 2 days to a maximum of 2 weeks. In this review, important characteristics of the virus are highlighted such as the mode of transmission and pathogenesis which influences the severity of the disease. The principal mode of transmission which is airborne droplets consisting of the deadly viruses causes the SARS virus to be a potent killer coupled to its relatively short incubation period. This is further aided by the modern ease of travel ensuring the disease is able to spread from its epicenter for exam ple the case of infection at Hong Kong airport in 2003 to different destination. The stability of the virus outside the human body is another feature of the virus that ensures its successful transmission to susceptible human host. It has been documented in several literature works that it can survive on fomites such as door knobs, phones and other objects for several days therefore ensuring that it spreads very fast. In addition, having been documented that it can survi

What is Cultural Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Cultural Diversity - Essay Example Globalization and culture diversity are two different phenomena, but these are closely interlinked with each other in terms of popularity and influences on different societies of the world. Various scholars and intellectuals have given their views about notion of cultural diversity. In this paper, we shall analyze what cultural diversity is about, how it is practiced along with the thoughts of Professor Sarat Maharaj, who has highlighted the concept of culture diversity with respect to his personal perceptions. The phenomenon of cultural diversity is not simple to understand because it involves contribution of a lot of people, their territorial boundaries, power, and racial, religious, and ethnical practices (Diller, 2010). Emergence of mixed beliefs, trends, fashions, practices, thoughts, legal or illegal immigration and overpopulation are some important factors behind the concept of culture diversity. However, it is an era of technology in which globalization is the strongest force that works behind every notion in today`s century (Maharaj, 2007). Sarat Maharaj is a visual art professor of Lund University, who has critically explained notion of cultural diversity mainly in terms of its relation with art culture and history. Sarat Maharaj`s lecture on cultural diversity is based on the emergence of different practices and notions that eventually became important part of diverse culture with the passage of time. Additionally, he has highlighted critical aspects of the phenomena and practices associated with the global diversity (Maharaj, 2007). He has focused that cultural diversity has now become an important term for the governmental bodies in order to run and maintain state system efficiently with the upgrading demands of time and individuals living in diverse cultural era (Maharaj, 2007). His lecture is important as it includes insight regarding the concept of cultural diversity through wider-spectrum. He has used various important terms to interlink with t he notion of cultural diversity such as origin of the diversity, revisionary concepts, modernity, colonial power and different racial and ethnic groups other than white people (Maharaj, 2007). Further, his lecture is considered important because he has motivated listeners to understand a revolutionary turn in the history of diversity and has compelled people to think about backdrops of the practices that emerged through diverse culture notions. Multiculturalism is another term that is used to define cultural diversity. Fundamentally, it is believed that culture is a set of values, norms, customs and traditions, which is practiced by the groups of people (Baer, 2004). When people belonging to different cultures come closer to each other while living in a specific region, they start sharing their thoughts and practices both. This trend gives rise to multiculturalism. The word multiculturalism has been associated with cultural diversity because globalization and technology have brought various regions and different individuals closer to each other (Baer, 2004). Global distances have been shortened and communication has transformed into its fastest possible form. Cultural diversity is about ethical standards of social interactions with members of other societies. Today, cultural diversity is practiced everywhere most specifically in large and strong states of the world (Diller, 2010). For instance, countries like the US and UK, these are two powerful nations of the world with strong economy and well-structured state system. People across the globe tend to migrate in these countries in

How to Motivate Student in Their Academic Essay Example for Free

How to Motivate Student in Their Academic Essay I. INTRODUCTION Motivation is the combination of desire, values, and beliefs that drives you to take action. These three motivating factors are at the root of why people act the way they do. Because they ultimately control values, beliefs, and desires, it can influence motivations. This means, if you consider something important and assign value to it, you are more likely to do the work it takes to attain a certain goal. When motivation originates from an internal source and combined with a realistic goal and circumstance, the result of a good outcome or output are greatly increased. II. MAIN DISCUSSION To understand what motivates them, they need to know what is important to them. Consider issues such as family, relationships, learning or school, grades, work, aspirations, achievement, money, social causes, social life, following a dream, and many more. Students goals and desires grow from their values and beliefs. Once they have made their personal list, they begin to think about how the items relate to one another. These issues and relationships are always alive inside of them. By becoming consciously aware of their selves, they can begin to modify, control and understand their selves. Judging the quality and depth of their motivation is important, because it is directly related to their commitment. Often students find that they want a good academic outcome, but they cant seem to make it happen. Sometimes, this gap occurs when there is a clash between what they are striving for a good academic outcome/degree and what they would rather be doing in following a dream. It’s fo r values, beliefs, and desires to be in conflict, it is important to recognize when they are and act appropriately on this information. III. MY POINT OF VIEW One of the keys to college success is having a realistic view of strengths and weaknesses. Do an informal assessment of abilities. Reflect on what they have learned about themself in the past from classroom experiences, conversations with teachers and advisors, standardized tests, projects and activities, and outside activities. Consider specifically their reading, writing, oral communication, interpersonal, and analytic skills. An accurate and honest assessment of their abilities is essential. It prevents them from under-estimating or over-estimating their skills and directs toward attainable and appropriate goals. Having an accurate direction is important in maintaining motivation. Knowing what their value and desire, along with an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses, makes it possible to establish personal goals. Most students already have a mix of short-term and long-term goals in mind for themselves. Students often are aiming towards a particular test, project, class, grade point, degree, graduate program, professional school, or career. These are often complemented by other goals such as living a healthy lifestyle, maintaining personal integrity, volunteering, working, nurturing relationships, or growing as a person. It is not unusual for short-term goals to support long-term goals. IV. CONCLUSION Once I have set goals that match my beliefs, values and desires, I should be in position to act on them successfully. However, my motivation can be undermined if I fail to consider my circumstances or if my circumstances change, but my goals dont. A goal may match my values that I want to earn a degree in Tourism and may be realistically set that I want to do it in 4 years when I began my academic journey, but may need modification and readjustment as time passes. If I earned grades lower than I expected to, I may need to lighten my course load or adjust my work and leisure hours. A loss of interest might mean my need to explore other majors. Changes in relationships or family make-up can also introduce new constraints on my plan. Unfortunately, when circumstances change, students are often unwilling to make related adjustments in their self-expectations. In this case, I as a student rarely perform up to the expectations, become frustrated, and lose motivation. However, motivation and performance can be maintained when personal circumstance is taken into. Students who are willing to redefine their goals to account for their changed circumstances can remain motivated and on the path to success. Motivation, goals, and circumstance are all related to success. I can increase the odds of my success by first, defining what is important to me, establishing goals based on these values, desires, and beliefs, and finally, tailoring my achievement expectations to match my circumstances. If I fail in any of these steps, I will undercut my motivation, fail to work up to my abilities, and diminish my chances of success. V. ANALYSIS Be realistic is setting your goals and always consider your circumstances. When goals arent realistic or when circumstances conspire against you, it is important to adjust. A student who comes to college with the goal of expecting to earn a tourism degree in 4 years, but finds the work more difficult than he anticipated may need to adjust his time frame in order to achieve his goal. Likewise, if this same student found that he needed to work to support his college costs or took on greater family responsibilities, it might be similarly necessary for him to adjust his goals as well. When goals are realistic and match desires, you will be motivated. When youre motivated and work hard towards your goals, you will succeed. When you succeed, your motivation will grow, you will set new goals, and continue to achieve.

If You Want To Help Visit Egypt Tourism Essay

If You Want To Help Visit Egypt Tourism Essay One of the most important activates that any country has through its different cities as all people know is tourism. It is one of the most interesting and exciting type of activities and services used to provide individuals or certain amount of people travelling experiences all around the world. These experiences revolve around travelling across countries miles and miles, overseas and oceans to enjoy different places, with different cultures other than home. (Michigan State University, 2007) After what happened in Egypt recently, 25th revolution, there has been a turning point in all the industries, production processes, and even services. Unfortunately, when Egypt was about to become one of the most successful developing countries in industries, production, providing services, and even having special positions in the stock markets in comparison to another countries all around the world, suddenly, all this has turned upside down. Production has been stopped, services became poor in satisfaction, and Egypt became out of stock market ranking. The service that was highly affected by that revolution was the Tourism. Tourists who were in Egypt throughout the revolution, travelled back to their homelands as a result of fear of what was happening from serious political events in Egypt. This was also as a result of the bad Public Relations campaign that was made on Egypt at that time through the media and press. For that reason, a new Public Relations campaign must be developed and settled in order to give to Egypts Tourism life back as before. Egypt has been constantly a country of tourism where Europeans use to spend their vacation there and observe its archeological finding and its antiques. The tourists there are visiting the most attractive places such as Sharm -el-Sheikh, Hurghada, Safaga and others. Besides that, Egypt is also well-known for its marvelous environmental tourism on top of other varieties such as Safari, consultations and sports. Egypt was acknowledged all over the history as a target or what the tourists are aiming for since it was visited throughout the primeval era, the tourists feel affection for visiting enormous and immeasurable places in Egypt, yet it sustained the reflection throughout the middle and modern history. On the other hand, the innovation of the Paranoiac ancient artifacts which had been extended long time ago has added a unique appeal to Egypt and also its inimitable religious and cultural testimonials or tombstones which are very precious to visit and grab the attention of the touri sts to come back and visit those unique places. As for the educational and archaeological tourism, Egypt has many different types of broader fragments that the tourists can visit across the world with its geographical location and its moderate atmosphere all the year round, together with its horizontal measureless coastlines, and beaches with its exclusive reserves of coral reefs which truly present Egypt with rewards of a competitive edging. Situation Analysis: Egypts Tourism Crisis after 25th Revolution: As Egypts national profit is based on its strong historical stories that revolved around its different cities. Tourism has been one of the most important factors of letting foreign currencies as well as people with different nationalities enter Egypt. As a result of the revolution, an international financial crisis had arisen between Egypt and different nations. Most of the European tourists who come and visit Egypt recently, their rate has decreased in a theatrical way. After the peak that was in presence all around Egypt, many of the reservations in terms of airplane seats, hotel bookings, and business meetings have been decreased in their amounts. (Mwathe, 2011) In order to make a successful Tourism Media Public Relations campaign, this situational analysis must be put in consideration in order to know what type of message will be sent to the audiences across the main topic Tourism and its improvements. -Women before and after the 25th revolution, before the revolution the Egyptian people usually believe that women are inferior to men, The Egyptian women were used to avoid contact with men who were not in their family connections, while after the 25th revolution, women have their rights; they learnt how to say their opinions and views, also the womens strong contribution in Egypts protests against the Mubarak supervisions or regimes has a positive coverage to the political equality that have took place in the Tahrer Square ,many women were marching to take their rights and civil liberties, yet this occurrence highlighted the fundamental consequences of defending the womens rights in Egypt and may hold back the enduring developments towards civilizing the womens political rights in the country. -In addition after the revolution, all people were connected together hand in hand in order to protect and clean their country. Egyptian people were and still calling everyone to sanitary Egypt by those things first to buy local products, second to stop shouting and learn to listen to each other, third to keep the streets clean by painting them, and last but not least calling the tourists to come back and visit our precious country which have lots of marvelous places to visit. Moreover, Muslims and Christians were one soul at the time of the revolution fighting to take their rights and now they are much connected to each other and finding ways to protect their mosques and churches as Egypt has been well familiar with its religion, values and principles. Key Messages: There are different groups that messages need to be sent to; these include groups that have direct influence on tourism (publics)such as the media, the tourists and tourism companies, and others that have indirect influence (public) such as colleges and college students. Messages used should be appropriate, meaningful, memorable and understandable by different targeted groups (Yeomanz Tench, 2006). The following is an example of the messages that can be used with different groups of the publics; First, the media should be inspired to show the positive side of the revolution instead of the negative one. For example, showing the streets that have been cleaned after the revolution and how the Egyptians are getting more civilized and are caring more about their country. The media is normally looking for a good story that attracts people; however, sometimes the messages communicated give poor image of the country. Therefore, the media should be send messages about the economic and social effect of losing tourism for the whole Egyptian society and also for Egypts reputation and image all-over the world. Second, the tourists probably play the major role; because they are the ones who decided whether to visit Egypt or not. The media may be helpful at this time; it can show foreigners a positive image for the Egyptian treatment to the tourists. Tourists need to see how the Egyptians are getting more respectful to them and how they are willing to welcome tourists in their country. Moreover, tourists should be shown the positive side which is the clean streets, the planted trees and so on. Third, the legal bodies should be encouraged to reform new policies and regulations that make the tourists feel safe when visiting Egypt. For example, according to Mr.Maher Moussa, an Egyptian tour guide; he stated that after the revolution when there were almost no policemen; the sales people at the Egyptian bazars where treating the tourists very bad and they were pulling them from their shirts in order to purchase products. Tourists at that time did not find anyone to help them; apparently they did not feel safe at all. Therefore, the policymakers should be told these stories and should be encouraged to return the tourism safe as it was before the revolution. Forth, the workers in the field of tourism need to be sent a message stressing on the fact that tourism is crucial for them and for maintaining or even improving their living standards. They need to be encouraged to develop and improve the way they treat tourists and also need to be encouraged to remain committed to their work and do not look for other options such as switching their careers or immigrating. Sales persons should be treated the ethical behavior of dealing with tourists. The following table gives a brief summary for the messages to be communicated, to which groups and what are the success indicators; Target Group Messages Communicated Success Indicators The Media You can play a vital role in improving the current situation of tourism in Egypt; encourage, inspire and attract everyone working in the tourism sector to work harder and motivate tourists to come to our country Increase in the rate of trips Increase rate of security Reduced terrorism Increased level of awareness about the importance of tourism The Tourists You can now watch the place where the whole Egyptians have met at once to ask for their rights In Egypt you can see monuments that are never seen anywhere else in the world. Your safety is our first priority; we will thrive to keep you safe. Egypt is now welcoming you more than ever before Legal Bodies Tourists represent a major part of Egypts future; we need to keep them secure we need to implement strict laws and rules that make tourists feel more safe in Egypt than any other part of the world Workers in the Field of Tourism We should prove to the whole world that all Egyptian never give up, never leave their work because of fear. do what you love to do and make a difference Steve Jobs Think of ways to develop your career and improve your work situation in the tourism industry. Businessmen who Own Tourism Companies your role is vital in improving the current situation in Egypt The future is bright for tourism in Egypt. But, we need to prove this to the whole world. Schools and Universities you need to implement new teaching methods that teach students the ethics of dealing with tourists. The Medias Goals and Objectives towards Tourism after 25th Revolution: Any campaign that is in the building stages must set goals and objectives in order to know what problem they are trying to solve, what message they are trying to send to audiences and what communication and media tools they will be able to use. According to Egypts tourism case, Medias goals and objectives should be settled in a way that will help to improve the tourism as an industry, and overcome the crisis after what happened in 25th of January. These goals and objectives will help marketers in choosing media tools and deciding what to put in them. On of the most important goal and objective that the media must focus on according to tourism is that to in increase the amount of tourists coming to Egypt again the goal through the objective which is increasing the flights amounts and hotel bookings. Targeted Audiences: The whole Public Relations campaign beside the media era is targeting mainly foreigners who are located outside Egypt. They are mainly Europeans, and Asians. As a result of that, this media campaign must build up the appropriate communications tools with the key message of the campaign, and build them up in the correct way to reach the targeted publics Europeans and Asians and let them convey the message and understand it as it should be understood. Media and Communication Tools: Tourism Media Campaign Communication Tools: Communication tools are elements and objects that are used to convey the message from the campaign to the targeted audiences. They usually are the main factors in the media campaign that will help in achieving the goals and the objectives of the campaign. The message could be conveyed through articles, radio, television, World Wide Web, event sponsorship, or even a whole collection of press releases. According the tourism media campaign, the main media tools that will be used are television, World Wide Web, and event sponsoring. Television: Through Television media tool used for a tourism campaign, videos should be directed and produced as a recorded videos on tourism places in Egypt, for instance, Luxor and Aswan, the pyramids, Sharm el Sheikh resorts, and so forth, that will attract tourists to do not miss what history and civilization Egypt has made. In addition, to tourism areas all around Egypt in the videos, celebrity endorsement could be used. Through using celebrities that are known locally and internationally, the message transmitted will be more trusted and tourists will be attracted to come and see Egypts history, visit every museum, every temple, and so forth. Also, marketers could stress on tourists emotional aspects in which their feelings gets connected which Egypt as a country, and bear to them in mind that these emotions will be satisfied when they visit Egypt. The Television tool began with a small video that was made right after the 25th revolution, From Egypt with Love (Boyd, 2011) It was encouraging Egyptian people to treat tourists in a friendly way and in the same time, the message is transmitted to tourists that the Egyptians are kind and welcoming to anyone who come and visit the country (refer to the Videos Screenshot in Appendix 3). (Boyd, 2011) World Wide Web: The internet and World Wide Web now plays an important role in the media sector, as it is a spider web that connects the whole world and makes it as a one united island. Internet could be used in tourism media campaign through making groups on Face book, twitter and all social networks that anyone could join them. They could include information about how strongly the tourism is going to be after the 25th revolution and what good changes have been made to the tourism in Egypt. Also, websites could be designed for information about every tourism place that is recommended for visiting in Egypt including history, pictures, and even videos to let tourists get attracted and become emotionally attached with Egypt. Also, this will increase the needs to the foreigners to come and enjoy what they have seen in real-life. Taking Face book as an example to World Wide Web Media, there are one of the campaigns that already started straight after the revolution containing two groups about surviving and getting the life back to the tourism in Egypt. These two groups have made a huge impact on tourists and foreigners Facebook users all around the world hoping that it will improve Egypts tourism image internationally. (Refer to one of the groups Profile Picture in Appendix 3). (Ling, 2011) Event Sponsoring: Sponsorship generates a massive chance for any type of companies in which it helps to widen the good reputation through viewing companys picture, view, and everything that makes the company unique through reinforcements of certain events that will increase the attention of the targeted audience. (Khera Communications, Inc., 2011) This event sponsorship could be an effective way to communicate with tourists all around the world, especially when Egyptian companies sponsor international events or vice versa. Through doing these kinds of sponsorships, foreigners will know and observe that despite all the series of events that happened in Egypt is still and trying to be in a high position in the economy of the world. In my opinion, for getting back tourism to its normal cycle in Egypt, Egyptian companies must sponsor international events in order to stay connected with international audience and attract them to the country to be interested in the long-run to come and visit Egypt. Also, for international companies Egypt must make life easier to them in order to be easily located in Egypt and this will help them sponsor Egyptian events, for instance, sports events, charity events, that will build trust between Egypt and different Nations. Through following these steps in building a media public relations campaign to the tourism in Egypt, it will help in an enormous way to improve Egypts image to the outside world, not just view the dark side of the image. Furthermore, the message delivered from the country Egypt to the targeted audiences foreigners will be sent and understood effectively Communication Process Appendix 3 and there will be no noise nor distraction in the messages process/ Egypt was always known with its loyalty, loving, kindness and so forth to its visitors and even its citizens, and this image must be the same till end of life time, And as the video said through one of the video campaigns, Egypt We Love You! (Tench Yeomans, 2009) Barriers to Communication of the Message: The physical barrier is too much related to the distance between the parties. For example, face-to-face communication may be too much needed in some situations to make sure that the receiver understood the message sent. Recommendation; always ask for feedback from the receiver in order to make sure that the message has been understood. Language differences are always very critical for delivering the messages; people from different countries may find difficult to understand the language or a certain message or may even perceive the messages in different ways. Recommendation; translate the messages to as many languages as possible. Psychological barriers may also be to some extent significant; peoples emotions are very important to be considered when delivering messages. For example, when asking workers to keep working, they may feel that the media have no idea about how they are suffering financially from being unable to gain money and satisfy their needs. Recommendation; the messages should show clear awareness of the different situations and giving emotional support to every target group. Barriers that arise from conflict of interest between the crisis management campaign and the different targeted groups. For example, the campaign may be willing to encourage the businessmen who operate in the tourism sector to continue operation. While, at the same time the businessmen cannot continue because they are losing money and adding costs on themselves. -Indentifying the Publics: Egypt was known and will always remain as one of the amazing countries in the world due to its outstanding historical pyramids, Luxor and Aswan. Nothing will ever affect Egypts beauty in the eyes of the world, therefore I encourage and persuade all Italians, British, and Russians to come and visit Egypt after the breathtaking revolution which was accomplished by the Egyptians on January 25th in the liberation Square that has now become a touristic area which people from all over the world speak about and are so eager to visit it and to feel the pain and happiness which the Egyptian youth have created in Egypt. Tourist Plans Campaign The sense of To act the sense of the Egyptians, unenthusiastic and construct a dwell taken at the first attainment of the knowledge of the nation of battle by the full of meaning, the kingdom of the war with a broad-start is in that reimbursement of periegesis underscore the target of the seven recognized before the spectators. Mingling with the crowd to councils, factories, session of the doctrine of print advertising and out of the material Broadcasting / advertising will be the Customer, or gain the overall effectively blow. To be infected with the war On both sides, it shall be done within the degrees of the first part I will strengthen the services of a war which is rotating with an although, according to an exact and in the manner to the effect of all the target Promotional Views. (Weber, 2010) The perigees will be underpinned the wages of the knowledge of such activities six: 1. Known to a better Tourist Lives This was the foundation of the first phase to the knowledge of the identity of perigees war. Will continue using the same expedition, I extended the look and feel standardize and of all the relevant under the expedition might have recognized this belonging to the different labour. But just as changes to submit to an identity for its ability to upgrade the answer to the principle of the hearers of the draw. 2. With the cooperation of the allies Fabios, the war of the will hinge on implementation of the foundation of the fellowship of the various stakeholders the efficient meals. And here, the object of responsibility of coordinating the land of Egypt, has hired manager w perigees with the rest of the allies this one of the sectors: Private sector of my companions: depends on type of activity, Telecom sectors can be different so that, juridical, etc. It is of interest should be put in each of efficient contact is at hand. This elite cooperate with the associations to take part to fit the protector of a co-addition to the expense of the proofs have been early. 3. Communications software To raise the Profile of the war and acquire the advice and the support of the various stakeholders, while the entire marketing communications program designed for, it will be implemented. Any one is, the needy, Target Audience marketing communications best a piece of the instruments of which is extended to the ears. 4. The communication of the Public Relations Program Marker between different kinds of communications tools will be got ready, Public Relations are the most important of its ability to inject credibility in the wars of operation. Further they can adnotacione Public Relations of the singular degree the State had different segments of the tenement of the city. For if the history of the place Published in Print Media, I will stretch lying in around about. 5. The knowledge of expeditions Plan Designs of all wars is a quality know that to be done is to take care in and reap results fine. Things are established, the phases of Planning, for the following key steps: The Project web perigees shall manage the public to conduct attitudinal research to take the perceptions of conscience and to the views of the Egyptians, and travellers will perigees. The research by the art of effectively expose the child is crucial gauge degrees of conscience to the sector of State. Or Event elite, ecumenical, it is to eat of awareness have been done research results. This state of affairs so all the troops the will of stakeholders perigees page, perigees projects, a Government of Egypt, arts institutes, and of the media. From the committee I will be the keeper of the knowledge of perigees to appoint a council and in Latin implementation of the knowledge of triumph in war. 6. Develop the communication of the plans of the campaign tools Print material the consciousness that the target the seven petitions of the ground will be supported by disseminating print customized Promotional material for a war, and the items. And it is its distribution of Posters, Flyers, brochures and through the schools of the offices of the Central After the Egyptian, Social Security Corporation, leaves and inserts. Further Promotional material for school as mugs with sackcloth, Bumper Stickers, etc. it shall be repaid. Matter and CDs to be stable as the value of the Promotional and a large (Alaya, 2004) Strategy: Tourism is considered to be a very crucial activity for the whole Egyptian population; it accounts for 11% of the total Egyptian GDP and employs more than 2 million Egyptians (Feuilherade, 2011). According to the previous Vice President, Omar Soliman; during the days of the 25th January revolution, Egypt has lost around 1 billion dollars in tourism. For any campaign to be successful it needs to have clear guidelines and strategies to follow. The main strategy for overcoming the crisis of Tourism that occurred in Egypt after the revolution is probably encouraging integrated efforts between different population groups for the sake of improving the tourism conditions in Egypt. These conditions include, the treatment of tourists, the safety and security, services offered and so on. The integration of efforts is not only including the publics; who are directly affected by the tourism industry. But, it should also include the whole public society because apparently everyone in the Egyptian society is affected by tourism either directly or indirectly. Appendix 1: (Women before and after the 25th revolution) (Indentifying the public) 1. (n.d.). In Tourism . Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://www2.sis.gov.eg/En/Tourism/ 2. (n.d.). In Tourism of Egypt. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/egyptambassador09/2009-08/24/content_8608649.htm 3. (n.d.). In Egypt 25th January revolution tourism revival. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://www.2travel2.nl/English/egypt-25th-january-revolution-tourism-revival.html 4. (n.d.). In Egypt Update: Womens Rights After The Revolution. Retrieved April 2, 2011, from http://sparksf.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/egypt-update-womens-rights-after-the-revolution/ 5. Tench, R., Yeomans, L. (2009). Exploring Public Relations (Second ed., pp. 185-186). Edinbrugh, AL: Pearson. Appendix 2: 1. How to plan Tourism Campaign 2. Strategy 1. Weber, L. (2010). Plan To Fund Tourism Campaign Draws Critics (IPR ed., pp. 1-3). Retrieved April 5, 2011, from http://ipr.interlochen.org/ipr-news-features/episode/10427 2. Feuilherade, P. (2011, February 12). Tourism Crisis as Foreign Visitors Desert Egypt. Retrieved April 3, 2011, from http://www.suite101.com/content/tourism-crisis-as-foreign-visitors-desert-egypt-a342840 3. Alaya, A. (2004). Tourism campaign aims to help ( ed.). , AL: Article The Star-Ledger. Retrieved April 5, 2011, from http://www.hackensackriverkeeper.org/Articles.php?ID=43 Appendix 3: 1. Key Messages 2. Communication Barriers Al-Arabia. (2011, March 31). Tahrir Square presented as historic site worth visiting. Retrieved April 3, 2011, from Al-Arabia : http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/03/31/143675.html Article Base. (2009, February 3). 12 Barriers to Effective Communication-Beware of These Relationship Killers. Retrieved April 3, 2011, from www.articlebase.com Yeomanz, L., Tench, R. (2006). Exploring Public Relations. Pearson.

Whats Normal Whats A Freak :: essays research papers

Whats normal Whats a freak I ask a question, as the title of my paper, in hopes of relaying a point. No one for sure knows what the answers to these questions are. I'm sure I don't, but I do have my own judgements as to what the answers may be. I have friends that say they are normal. But, what else would they know. I've been called everything from a witch to a freak; personally I'm proud to be called that. It shows that I am different from them. Everyone is different in our society. There are no definitions for either of these questions so why try and answer them. Most people believe in one main thing and that is them selves. People say and do things that most people don't like, that prove we are all different. Yet some people say when asked if they are normal they say 'Yes.' Then asked their definition of normal and they say "themselves". I asked one such person those two questions then asked him if the guy sitting near him was normal and he responded 'Yes.' But, that struck a cord for me. I stated that he wasn't him. How could he be normal, he wasn't you? He had no good response for that. I asked other people and they answered the same way. But, you tell me what is normal and how do you come to this answer. In the past I've been called a freak, sometimes they even said a freak of nature. But what do they know what a freak is. Their is no such thing as a freak. Some people would say a freak that is different. But, isn't that everyone? Any one person who says that a freak is someone who is different then they just called their best friend or their parents' freaks. And no one likes to be aro und a freak, right in most peoples minds freaks are the metal heads, outcasts, and every single person that is different or doesn't meet their standers. We all are different, instead of scrutinizing and making fun of everyone else for being different why not look into yourselves and see what is the same between you two and see if you can see them in a different view. Take it from someone who never has had a chance in her life until this year to be herself. I tried so hard to be part of something I wasn't.

Standards of Rating Hotels in Russia

Intro  : â€Å"There are no international unified standards for awarding stars to hotels,† said Sergei Korneyev, director for the northwest at the Russian Tourism Industry Union. * Each country has its own system, and it is very inconvenient for tourists, since, for example, Egyptian stars differ from European ones. There have been many misunderstandings.WHAT IS :An hotel ranking is a system, taking into account a full range of factors including quality of accommodation, range of amenities, standards of service, atmosphere and prices as well as customers experience, and feedback in order to classify hotels There are currently about 30 national systems of hotel classification around the world. * Among them are the letters system used in Greece and the crowns system used in the U. K. , though the most widespread system is the star classification * While all hotels in Moscow claim a specific number of stars, there is no reliable, universal system of classification in operation. This can often lead to unrealistic expectations, disappointment, and it may be hard to know what to expect from your hotel in terms of standards, services, and amenities as a first-time travelers to Russia. Suchi Hotels first and then the entire country of Russia * Since July 2010 Sochi hotels were obliged to classify themselves by the demands of the International Olympic Committee (classification as the country gears up to host the 2014 Winter Olympic Games). The Governor of Krasnodar region decided to first expand this requirement to the whole region and now to the whole country.As new legislation passes, starting this summer season of 2012 only star-rated hotels were able to accommodate tourists. A little bit of History: * The first attempts to introduce classification standards in Russia were made in the Soviet era. In 1984, a document was drawn up dividing hotels into seven categories. The regulation existed until 1994 and was followed by three more certification documents. Fin ally, in 2005, a new system of state classification of hotels and guesthouses was launched, taking into account European experience. Previously, Russian hotels obtained star-category classification on a voluntary basis, but obtaining certification became obligatory after an order signed in June 2010.* There are 471 officially certified hotels in Russia — about 10 percent of the total number of 4,500 hotels, according to data from the Federal Tourism Agency. From Yesterday to Today: Review of the principal changes * It appears that often ‘stars' in Russia were given after considering formalities and did not reflect real comfort and service level. The main difference between the new and old classification systems is that, now, the expert appraisal and assignment of a Hotel to a particular category will be carried out by special organizations accredited by government agencies * Prior the classification of Hotels in Russia was carried out under a voluntary classification sy stem that was approved by the Federal Agency for Tourism (Rosturizm) in 2005 and largely based on standards and rules that were set back in the 1990s * Many hotels that are located in old buildings will need to invest a lot in engineering infrastructure and additional facilities to get the necessary number of points to obtain the certification and get the stars they want.Hotel Assesment Criteria: Each hotel will be awarded a number of points depending on the number of rooms and the services offered. * The requirements, relate to various aspects of Hotel operations: layout, condition of rooms, range and quality of services offered, etc. * For example: -A standard single room in a â€Å"five-star† hotel must be at least 14 m? in area, and the Hotel must also have a conference room with the relevant equipment. The waiting time for an elevator in four- and five-star hotels should be no more than 30 seconds, or 45 seconds in a three-star hotel. * The classification will be a paid procedure, and mandatory certification is expected to cost less than voluntary classification about ( today $1,500 for three- to four-star hotels with less than 100 rooms) * Hotels that fail to declare their status under the new rules will pay a fine, * Hotels without certification won’t have the right to use their unofficial rating in advertisements, and furthermore, limits may be applied to the activity of such hotels * ————————————————-Certificates will be issued for five years, but hotels will have to reaffirm their status twice a year. Just a few more things to remind: (only on the power point) Luxury Hotels * world-class 5-star hotels * Either  Historic Moscow Hotels  or Moscow branches of well-known international brands at the very top of the hotel market. Deluxe Hotels * executive standard 4-star or 5-star hotels * Must be centrally situated. Superior Ho tels * International 4-star ratings. * If  Superior Hotels  are not centrally located, then they must have good transport links to the city. Standard Hotels * International 3-star standards, including many new or fully renovated Russian hotels.   Standard Hotels are rarely central Tourist Class Hotels * Often built in the Soviet period, hotels of this class may not be fully renovated. * Representing the cheapest accommodation widely available in Russia *International 2-star standards * Situated in modern buildings in the suburbs. Budget Hotels * low-cost accommodation * No services are guaranteed. Conclusion: Classifications under the new system: mandatory or voluntary? * At present, the new classification system is applicable to all Hotels, but is mandatory only for Hotels offering the relevant services within the municipality of the city/resort of Sochi. * We note that the changes to he Hotel classification rules and the mandatory classification procedure for certain Hotels is without any doubt related to the XXII Olympic Winter Games being held in Russia.* We believe that the overall trend for the introduction of international standards in many sectors in Russia is connected with the ambition to join the World Trade Organization. For the Future: What’s next? * The World Hotel Rating (WHR) project, aims at setting international classification standards and rating criteria along the lines of a world star-rating system. * This project will establish an information platform on the hotel industry which will be multilingual and multicultural. * WHR intends to play a key role in the development of quality hotel services

The Placement Of Fibre Post Health And Social Care Essay

The arrangement of fiber station is a good pick for root treated teeth non merely because it strengthens the tooth but because it helps us to construct a probationary or unequivocal Restoration. The fibre stations can be a stuff of pick where aesthetic is the demand. They have high tensile strength and a modulus of snap similar to that of dentine. The fiber station is a inactive station which does non actively prosecute with dentine, hence adhesives and rosin cements are required to repair fibre stations in topographic point. However, adhesion of fibre stations depends on assorted factors including the features of root dentine, type of rosin cement, type of visible radiation, strength of visible radiation and the continuance of visible radiation. In an effort to get the better of these jobs, dual-cure rosin cements and adhesives are the stuffs of pick for adhering fibre stations with root dentine. However, few of the double remedy rosin cements still depend on visible radiation for t heir activation. To let the visible radiation to perforate in the internal facet of the root, glass fiber stations and quartz fiber stations are used as they allow the transmittal of visible radiation to the deepness of the root canal therefore leting the rosin cements to polymerise deep in the canal. Several surveies have been performed to measure the grade of polymerisation or transition values of rosin cements but most of these surveies used the microhardness trial instead than the more dependable Fourier transform infrared trial ( FTIR ) . Furthermore, most of these surveies were non performed in the root canals. The success of endodontic intervention non merely depends on the quality of intervention but besides on the quality of prosthetic device being placed to reconstruct the losing tooth construction. The structural loss of the tooth due to trauma, carries or both makes the tooth more prone to break. Therefore, station is placed in a prepared root canal infinite of a tooth with heavy structural loss to counterbalance for the loss of tooth construction. Some writers and clinicians suggest that the station provides strength to the tooth, while others suggest that the station makes the tooth weak due to the readying of the station infinite. However, many surveies support that the station should be placed in a tooth with heavy loss so that it can supply keeping for meantime or concluding coronal Restoration. Ideally, the station should hold the undermentioned belongingss: By and large, a station is placed into a tooth to retain a nucleus. A tooth which is to a great extent broken down frequently requires a station as the bing tooth construction is deficient and weak to retain the coronal Restoration. However, the readying of station infinite causes unneeded tooth devastation which may take to tooth break. Therefore, the arrangement of station should be considered where other options are non convenient.The determination to utilize a station depends on the staying tooth construction, place of the tooth in the dental arch and the functional demand of the tooth. A categorization described by Peroz in 2005 was formulated to measure the sum of staying tooth construction. Tooth with 1 axial wall missing is referred as category II normally known as Mesio-Occlusal or Disto-Occlusal pit, while tooth with 2 losing axial walls is described as category III normally known as Mesio-Ocluso-Distal ( MOD ) . If the staying axial walls in category II and III are greater than 1 millimeters so a station is non normally indicated as there is sufficient coronal construction nowadays to back up the Restoration. A survey performed by Steele and Johnson in 1999 showed addition in fracture opposition of category II and category III when they were restored with composite and amalgam merely. Class IV is described as a tooth holding merely 1 axial wall left. There is no addition in break opposition when a Restoration is placed. Therefore, arrangement of station is normally suggested in such scenarios. However, esthetically, non-metallic stations are preferred for anterior dentitions while for posterior dentitions either metallic or non-metallic station can be inserted. A tooth which has no staying axial wall or a tooth which is wholly decoronated is described as Class V. The interpolation of station becomes necessary in such instances as there is non adequate tooth construction which can back up the coronal Restoration. Furthermore, the collet plays an of import function in defying break in such type of instances. Ferrule is defined as a set of metal that wholly encircles 1-2 millimeter of sound tooth construction which resist longitudinal break. In 2001, Bolhuis stated that the crown collet is more of import than the station and nucleus. Metallic stations are stong and stiff, normally made of unstained steel, nickel Cr metals, Ti, Ti metals or gold plated brass.Stainless steel has a long history of use but it can do nickel sensitiveness in females due to the presence of Ni. Furthermore, Stainless steel can eat over clip. Therefore, Ti stations were introduced to get the better of corrosion. However, Ti and Ti metals have hapless compressive and flexural strength as compared to stainless steel, therefore they can non be used in thin roots. In add-on, Ti station may be hard to observe on radiogram due to similar denseness as that of gutta-percha and sealant.6.1.2. Non-Metallic PostsHistorically, during the old ages 1603 – 1867, Nipponese restored dentitions with wooden station and nucleus. However, due to hapless strength and break of wooden station, cast metal stations were introduce. In 1988, Duret came with the thought of non-metallic station and was deployed in Europe in the 1990s. Fibre stations can be smoo th or serrated depending on their surface features.6.1.2.1. Carbon fibre stationCarbon fiber stations are besides called C fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations. They consist of epoxy rosin which is reinforced with unidirectional C fibers parallel to the perpendicular axis of the station. The C fibers are made by the remotion of H, N and O from polyacrylonitrile by heating at 250C in air, followed by heating at 1200C in inert ambiance. The diameter of each fiber is 7-10Â µm, while harmonizing to weight, the fibers constitute upto 64 % of the entire weight of the station. Originally, C fiber stations were black in colour, but due to esthetic consciousness they are available in white colour besides. Furthermore, these stations were originally radiolucent but now they are available as radiopaque besides. Main advantage of C fiber station is the ability to successfully bond to dentine and modulus of snap similar to dentine i.e between 1- 4-106 pounds per square inch. Many Studies have shown increased strength of C fiber stations, while other surveies suggest their strength is less when compared with metal stations. Furthermore, few surveies have shown that C fiber station increase the fracture opposition of tooth, while other surveies report the opposite. In 2007, Ferrari reported 7.2 % of clinical failure rate of C fiber stations after 7-11 old ages. Failures were largely due to root break, crown debonding, periapical infection and periodontal disease. However, different surveies show different failure rates.6.1.2.2. Glass Fibre PostDue to dark colour of C fiber station, glass fiber stations were introduced. These stations are besides called fiber-reinforced epoxy rosin stations and are made up of glass or silicon oxide. Different types of glass can be use to do glass fiber station including vitreous silica fiber, electrical glass or high strength glass. However, the strength of the station depends on higher content of glass fibers. In a clinical survey, Ferrari ( 2000 ) placed 249 glass fiber station and observed 4.4 % failure rate over a period of 6 old ages. Another survey performed by Cagidiaco in 2007 showed 7.4 % failure after 2 old ages. Furthermore, Naumann ( 2007 ) placed 41 glass fiber station and found no failure during 3 old ages. Most common failure were relaxation of the stations, periapical infection, tooth break, debonding of Crown and break of stations.6.1.2.3. Zirconia stationIn 1995, mayenberg introduced zirconia station with a flexural strength of 900-1200 MPa. Zirconia stations have high break stamina, high strength and corrosion opposition and are made up of tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide with 3 % mol Y oxide ( Y2O3 ) called Yttrium-stabilized tetragonal polycrystalline zirconium oxide ( Y-TPZ ) . Y-TPZ is 0.5Â µm in diameter, supplying smoothness and stamina to the joggle. However, due to smooth surface, the station does non organize a good bond with composite rosin and all ceramic Crowns. Furthermore, t here was no addition in bond strength even after the station was acid etched or salanized. Matinlinna ( 2004 ) stated that bond strength between station and composite rosin can be increased by tribochemical silicon oxide coating. The chief drawback of zirconium oxide station is that it can non be retrieved as it can non be grinded and supersonic remotion consequences in temperature rise. In 2004, Paul evaluated 145 zirconium oxide stations over a period of 9 old ages and reported no clinical failure when a direct composite Restoration with zirconium oxide station was placed, while there was 9 % failure in joggles with glass-ceramic nucleus Restorations. All failures were due to post debonding.6.2. Custom Cast PostThe most normally used stuff for usage station is cast gilded metal holding a comparable thermic enlargement and modulus of snap ( 14.5-106 ) to enamel. Furthermore, it is strong plenty to bear occlusal forces. However, arrangement of usage dramatis personae station require multiple visits and due to metal demoing from ceramic Restoration, the esthetics are compromised. Silver-palladium metals and high Pd content metals are besides used for usage dramatis personae station but they have inferior mechanical belongingss when compared with gold metals. Custom cast stations may be indicated when misaligned teeth require stations, inability to present antirotational characteristics in dentitions with less coronal construction or multiple dentitions necessitating stations.In 1989, Bergman reported 91 % success rate of usage dramatis personae station after 6 old ages.